Meet the editor

José Simão Antunes do Carmo completed his Master's degree in Hydraulics and Water Resources in 1990 from the University of Lisbon and his PhD in Engineering Sciences in 1995 from the University of Coimbra, Portugal. He was director of several undergraduate and master courses in Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering in the period 1995–2010. He was a scientific advisor of 24 Master's dissertations and two PhD theses

in Hydraulics and Water Resources. He has been a member of the Ocean and Coastal Management Editorial Board since 2012. He has published two books, 63 papers in scientific journals, 14 book chapters, and more than 100 papers in international conferences. He has edited 10 books and a special issue of a scientific journal. His main areas of scientific research are hydrodynamics, morphodynamics, coastal management, river and coastal processes, climate change, natural hazards, risks, and vulnerabilities.

Contents

**Section 1**

Options

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

A User Perspective

*by Laurence C. Breaker*

Environment of the Bay of Bengal

Entrance of Suez Canal in Egypt

*by José Simão Antunes do Carmo*

**Preface III**

Tools and Methodologies to Manage Coastal and Marine Environments **1**

**Chapter 1 3** Coastal Adaptation: Past Behaviors, Contemporary Management, and Future

**Chapter 2 23** Numerical Modeling Tools Applied to Estuarine and Coastal Hydrodynamics:

Environments **43**

**Chapter 3 45**

**Chapter 4 75**

Environments **89**

**Chapter 5 91** Modeling of Coastal Processes in the Mediterranean Sea: A Pilot Study on the

*by Isabel Iglesias, Paulo Avilez-Valente, José Luís Pinho, Ana Bio, José Manuel Vieira, Luísa Bastos and Fernando Veloso-Gomes*

Coastal Dynamics and Ongoing Climate Processes in Coastal and Marine

Long-Term Changes in Sea Surface Temperature Off the Coast of Central California and Monterey Bay from 1920 to 2014: Are They Commensurate?

*by Nanda Kishore Reddy Busireddy, Kumar Ankur and Krishna Kishore Osuri*

Significance of Mesoscale Warm Core Eddy on Marine and Coastal

Coastal Processes and HF Communications in Coastal and Marine

*by Mona Fouad Kaiser, Walaa Awaad Ali and Maysara Khairy El Tahan*

## Contents


**Chapter 6 105** Ionospheric Monitoring and Modeling Applicable to Coastal and Marine Environments *by Ljiljana R. Cander and Bruno Zolesi*

Preface

It is well known that vulnerabilities and risks in coastal areas have been increasing, particularly since the middle of the last century, and a more marked increase is anticipated after the middle of the current century. It is also clear that human action has been the primary cause of the current imbalances, both directly (through local actions) and indirectly (through contributions to global warming and climate change). Adjustments in natural or human systems are thus necessary to respond to present-day or expected climate changes and their effects. The efforts made to reduce the causes and mitigate the effects of global climate change continue to be critical in coastal areas. Many adaptation strategies implemented in coastal areas

Sometimes for lack of financial support and others due to lack of scientific knowledge and technical preparation, the truth is that we continue to witness flooding, land loss, and human lives in many coastal areas around the world. However, much of the loss and damage that often occurs could have been prevented. Indeed, we may learn from the past that most adaptation measures have been reactive rather than proactive. It is generally understood, and the practice has been showing that, when planned, anticipatory adaptation will be more cost effective and efficient in the long term. It follows, therefore, that identifying and addressing needs and gaps in policies and planning will strengthen the adaptive capacity of regions and local

On the other hand, as has been widely reported in the literature, the interactions between three main entities, land, human, and ocean, have been manifested positively and negatively in different contexts. Many studies have shown that the more human activities change, dominate, or even replace natural ecosystems, the more environmental vulnerability increases, and both the occurrence and scale of extreme events will be exacerbated. In the future, growth and concentration of populations in coastal cities and an aging population will contribute to increase

To a large extent, direct and indirect consequences due to human activities are particularly serious for maintaining a sustainable balance, and hence the need to regulate human activities and reduce risk to achieve sustainable development of coastal zones. Although there is some perception of imbalances and vulnerabilities, there is still not a real awareness of the negative effects of human activities on such fundamental environments for the survival of humanity in the medium and long

Due to seasonal factors and also to touristic reasons, the coastal communities of some coastal zones increase two or even three times in some periods of the year. Frequently, these communities rely on groundwater for their water supplies. In such circumstances, an increase in water pumping can have a marked effect on the position of the saltwater/freshwater interface. Lowering the freshwater head encourages the incursion of saltwater, which can rapidly render the supply undrinkable.

further the vulnerability of cities to climate change.

remain inadequate or ineffective.

communities.

terms.
