**6.12 Gupta et al.**

Gupta et al. examined the design and implementation of an IoT-based health monitoring system for emergency medical services [65]. This system demonstrates the flexible collection, integration and interoperation of IoT data that can provide support to emergency medical services. Their proposed model allows users to improve health-related risks and reduce healthcare costs by collecting, recording, analysing and sharing large amounts of data in real time. This system uses smart sensors that collect and send raw data to a database server where they are further analysed and statistically maintained to be used by medical experts. The results are deployed and tested on a patient whose personal details are inputted into a Web portal. This patient is then connected to a health monitoring system that includes a heart rate sensor and a temperature sensor. However, Gupta et al. did not consider in their work some factors in the organisational and system domain as identified in the literature review. They also did not consider the actual examination of healthcare professionals [65]. The proposed health monitoring system is illustrated in **Figure 19**.

The aforementioned models/framework for IoT use in healthcare can be classified based on the technological, system and individual aspects as summarised in **Table 2**.

In sum, most studies on IoT use in healthcare have some limitations related to their context of use, antecedents of implementation and need of use. Moreover, these studies have only focused on specific domains to achieve certain needs for using IoT in the healthcare context. Their models/frameworks are only designed for certain circumstances and environments related to the context and needs for which they are developed. Meanwhile, very few researchers have examined the actual

**Figure 19.** *IoT-based smart healthcare kit model [65].*


#### **Table 2.** *Models/frameworks for IoT use in healthcare.*

implementation of IoT in hospitals. Therefore, further study must be conducted to generalise the application of these frameworks for hospitals. The literature review shows that the direct effect of technological and system-related factors on the utilisation behaviour of individuals has received no to limited input from previous research. The limitations of the aforementioned frameworks/models are summarised in **Table 3**.

**61**

**7. Conclusion**

**Table 3.**

reviewed in the literature.

IoT use has become an urgent need for public hospitals and their technical and management activities. A successful IoT use is influenced by how well this technology fulfils the expectations of its users. The implementers of this technology must identify the implementation requirements from the management's perspective and align the implementation with the goals of hospitals in order to ensure a successful implementation and utilisation. **Table 3** shows that most studies on IoT use in healthcare have some limitations related to their identified factors as well as their context and purpose of use. These factors are also limited to certain developed and developing countries. In addition, the actual use of IoT in HIE has never been

Specifically, some models and frameworks have been designed only for specific contexts, circumstances and environments. Meanwhile, other scholars have merely proposed models/frameworks without any post examination or evaluation, thereby making these models/frameworks unsuitable for examining IoT use in HIE for

*IOT Service Utilisation in Healthcare*

**No. Source Limitation**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86014*

1 [29] Requires the availability of several elements, including interoperability, reliability,

2 [31] The system should identify the patients' conditions and notify the responsible staff who

3 [58] This model focuses on smart home healthcare and the data collected from individuals must be managed and stored by decision makers in hospitals. 4 [61] This study did not examine the requirements of IoT users and some issues related to

5 [63] This framework only focuses on the health information scenario and ignores those

6 [56] Despite offering the benefits of trust and privacy to healthcare providers, several issues

7 [60] Model behavioural intention has been tested, applied, refined and validated many times

9 [24] This model focuses on the collection and uploading of health data by using smartphones

10 [62] Multiple case studies are not performed to assess the performance of the actual system in complex heterogeneous scenarios with knowledge sharing. 11 [64] These results may satisfy certain hospitals in which no testing is performed in order to

12 [10] This model only focuses on the inclusion of technologies in the health sector. Moreover,

13 [65] Those factors identified in the previous literature have not been considered and no actual examination of healthcare professionals has been performed.

proposed factors for different types of hospitals in various countries.

as part of personal monitoring. The full utilisation of IoT has not been taken in

no experimental study has been performed, thereby limiting the generalisability of the

health devices and integrate them into a theoretical model. 8 [21] This model focuses on the use of IoT in urban poor communities, which is not

considered part of a healthcare context.

address the issues that they are facing.

consideration in this model.

critical issues and challenges that may be faced by healthcare professionals.

related to security remain unaddressed. This model needs to improve its security and

in TAM to identify those variables that can predict the intention of individuals to use IoT

data security transfer protocols.

test its results.

*Limitations of models/frameworks for IoT use in healthcare.*

privacy, authentication and integrity for exchanging EHRs across the network.

then review if the case of a patient needs to be treated as an emergency case depending on the information collected by sensors. Hospitals are facing several challenges in their implementation of IoT that should be acknowledged when designing an ICADS system.

### *IOT Service Utilisation in Healthcare DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86014*

*Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications*

**Source Technological System Individual Context**

implementation of IoT in hospitals. Therefore, further study must be conducted to generalise the application of these frameworks for hospitals. The literature review shows that the direct effect of technological and system-related factors on the utilisation behaviour of individuals has received no to limited input from previous research. The limitations of the aforementioned frameworks/models are sum-

[56] x Healthcare-based cloud computing network [31] x Intelligent support system in hospitals

[60] x x Behaviour of using IoT health devices [21] x Use of IoT in urban poor communities [61] x Controlling via a human interface system

[58] x x Healthcare in smart homes

[24] x Monitoring via smartphones [62] x Knowledge-based healthcare system [29] x Healthcare application process [63] x x Healthcare informatics and analytics

[64] x x Context awareness [10] x Remote treatment [65] x Healthcare monitoring

**60**

**Table 2.**

**Figure 19.**

*IoT-based smart healthcare kit model [65].*

marised in **Table 3**.

*Models/frameworks for IoT use in healthcare.*


#### **Table 3.**

*Limitations of models/frameworks for IoT use in healthcare.*
