**5. Healthcare system challenges**

Collecting and exchanging health information have become challenging due to the increasing population and demands for health services. These challenges can hinder the successful adoption of HIE. The following issues and challenges related to HIE adoption have been identified from the literature:

	- The failure to implement tecihnological advancements in most hospitals and the need to upgrade the HIE system to improve its capability.
	- The delayed development of a standard-compliant HIE system in many hospitals.
	- The overlapping functions among the needs of several regions, which reduce the need for information exchange.

**51**

**Figure 6.**

*Cloud-IoT-based healthcare framework [56].*

*IOT Service Utilisation in Healthcare*

**6.1 Tyagi et al.**

**6.2 Manate et al.**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86014*

devices and stored in remote data centres.

**6. Models/frameworks for IoT use in healthcare**

related models/frameworks are reviewed as follows:

tested [56]. **Figures 6** and **7** summarise this framework.

to share health information only ranges between 14 and 55% [43, 55]. With the technological advancements in networking, EHRs can be accessed by using various

To further understand the current utilisation of IoT in the healthcare sector, the

Given the increasing demand of health organisations for access to patient records around the world, Tyagi et al. developed a cloud IoT-based healthcare framework and proposed *Platform as a Service* (PaaS) and *Infrastructure as a Service* (IaaS), which help patients find the best care at the optimal cost by allowing them to securely store and share their health information to healthcare organisations [56]. Patients can perform self-assessment to monitor their conditions and find hospitals that provide the healthcare services they need the most. However, the benefits of the cloud-IoT-based healthcare framework are offset by issues related to trust, privacy and security, all of which must be addressed before healthcare providers decide to adopt this framework. Moreover, the security requirements for the implementation of this model are yet to be fulfilled and its results need to be

Collecting data from things, devices and multiple sources presents a significant problem. Patients can be classified into those patients who are having elective treatment and those emergency patients who require immediate treatment [57]. Those elective patients who do not require emergency treatment may experience health deterioration and eventually require emergency treatment or tests. A hospital setting is characterised by dynamic uncertainty and a frequent need to dynamically change the treatment pathway. Manate et al. proposed the intelligent context-aware

However, exchanging patient records, including summaries and test results, among healthcare practitioners is not yet considered a norm in many countries. In the US, New Zealand and Canada, the current capacity of healthcare practitioners

to share health information only ranges between 14 and 55% [43, 55]. With the technological advancements in networking, EHRs can be accessed by using various devices and stored in remote data centres.
