Preface

In recent decades, the role of governments across the world has dramatically changed. Developments and changes in the social sphere have led to changes in social needs. Accordingly, problems and solutions are also changing. The Industrial Revolution that took place in the eighteenth century had an important effect not only in the economic field but also on social structure. Because of these effects, the perception of social problems has changed and the social expectations from the states have increased.

Government administrations from ancient times to the present day have needed continuous financing and have provided this funding from various sources. The process of social development required public borrowing for different purposes ranging from creating a consumer society to selling the surplus of developed countries to post-war human relations and from the financing of developing countries to the payment of debt. In the modern state perspective, the needs still constantly increase and therefore the state has to spend more to meet these needs.

In this study, the process of change and transformation on welfare states and social policies on a global scale is examined conceptually and historically. The study aims to contribute to the literature by including past and present findings as well as assumptions about the future. This study, which also focuses on the political, economic and social impacts and current reflections of borrowing in the context of public debt theory, emphasizes the transformation in the external debt structure in the globalization process. In another aspect of public economics and finance, this study also evaluates the contributions of new budgetary approaches classified as: (1) environment-friendly budgetary approach, (2) citizen-centered budgetary approach, (3) citizen's budget approach, (4) participatory budget approach, and (5) gender-responsive budgeting approach.

> **Bernur Açıkgöz** Izmir Katip Celebi University, Department of Economics, Turkey

**1**

Section 1

Public Economics and

Finance

### Section 1
