**9. Applications of PCR**

The PCR technique and its several advanced variants act as powerful tools with specialized applications which were once impossible by the scientific world [67, 68]. This versatile technique brought enormous benefits and scientific developments such as genome sequencing, gene expressions in recombinant systems, and the study of molecular genetic analysis, including the rapid determination of both paternity and the diagnosis of infectious disease [69, 70]. It enables the in vitro synthesis of nucleic acids through which a DNA segment can be specifically replicated in a semiconservative way. It generally exhibits excellent detection limits [71, 72]. It has significantly transformed



#### **Table 2.**

*The most important applications of PCR.*

the scientific research and diagnostic medicine. Over the years, it has become a vital of clinical and diagnostic research. It has a wide range of applications in almost every field of science, for example, clinicians widely use the technique for disease diagnosis. Biologists, including agriculturists, clone and sequence genes using PCR and rapidly carry out sophisticated quantitative and genomic studies. Now for criminal identification, PCR assays are commonly employed. DNA fingerprinting is also used in paternity testing, where the DNA from an individual is matched with that of his possible children, siblings, or parents [67, 68]. Besides, PCR has enormous role in diagnosing genetic disease, whether inherited genetic changes or as a result of spontaneous genetic mutations, is becoming more common. Diseases can be diagnosed even before birth. Even PCR can also be employed with significant precision to predict cure of diseases [73]. The most important applications of PCR are summarized in **Table 2**.
