Introductory Chapter: Hydraulic Structures for Managing Water Resources Efficiently

*Amimul Ahsan and Monzur Imteaz*

#### **1. General**

This book (*Hydraulic Structures: Theory and Applications*) conveys a broad understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of various hydraulic structures. The emphasis is given on analysis and design of different types of hydraulic structures. Various applications of the hydraulic structures analysis are also incorporated in this book. The aim of the book is to provide a text for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Researchers, designers, and operators of hydraulic structures can find the text of interest and a stimulating up-to-date reference source.

#### **2. Hydraulic structures**

Hydraulic structures such as dam, reservoir, culvert, weir, and spillways are engineering constructions designed and maintained for managing and utilizing water resources efficiently for the betterment of human being and to save our environment. A dam is a barricade across flowing water that obstructs or directs or retards the water flow, commonly forming a reservoir [1–3]. **Figure 1** represents the typical forces acting on gravity dam. **Figure 2** shows the plan and longitudinal section of a rectangular culvert and a trapezoidal weir. **Figure 3** shows the hydraulic scheme and cross-section of a trapezoidal weir.

In general, a lake is an area that is filled with water and enclosed by soil, and it may have inlet(s) and outlet(s). An artificial lake can be a reservoir that is created

**Figure 1.** *Typical forces acting on gravity dam [1].*

#### **Figure 2.**

*Plan and longitudinal section of a rectangular culvert and a trapezoidal weir [4]. (a) Plan of culvert and weir, and (b) Longitudinal section of culvert and weir.*

#### **Figure 3.**

*Hydraulic scheme and cross-section of a trapezoidal weir [4]. (a) Hydraulic scheme of weir, and (b) Cross-section of weir.*

behind an embankment or a dam by flooding soil. A few of the biggest lakes in the world are reservoirs. A spillway is a segment of an embankment or a dam intended to carry water downstream from the upstream side of an embankment or a dam. It may have doors that are intended to regulate the flow of water, i.e., flood. Flood can be defined as a water overflow on the soil, which is an accumulation of water over land that is not normally submerged [1].

The differences between dam and embankment and causeway are clarified. A dam is a wall constructed across a river to create a reservoir upstream side, an embankment is a built-up river or seawall (at the shore or bank), whereas a causeway is a high road or path across wet or tidal ground. A few railway embankments are also constructed using the same idea [3].

Ghomri et al. [5] studied the hydraulic jump of a hydraulic structure controlled by threshold, moving in a channel profile in a lab scale for a single roughness. The hydraulic jump was developed at the sharp transition from a supercritical flow.

#### **3. Plant basket hydraulic structures (PBHS)**

River restoration is attractive as it offers considerable benefits to the environment and economy. A new plant basket hydraulic structure (PBHS) as a new river restoration measure is applied in the Flinta River, central Poland. It focuses on changes of hydromorphological conditions in a small lowland river. This is a pilot project of the construction of vegetative sediment traps (plant basket hydraulic structure) [6].

**3**

*Introductory Chapter: Hydraulic Structures for Managing Water Resources Efficiently*

Various types of hydraulic structures are used in the world. Each of them has pros and cons. The readers of this book (*Hydraulic Structures: Theory and Applications*) will appreciate the current issues on analysis of hydraulic structures in different aspects. The approaches would be applicable in various industrial purposes as well. The advanced idea and information described here on hydraulic structures will be fruitful for the readers to find a sustainable solution in an indus-

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91434*

**4. Conclusions**

trialized society.

**Author details**

Amimul Ahsan1,2\* and Monzur Imteaz2

Technology, Melbourne, Australia

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: ashikcivil@yahoo.com

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Uttara University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

2 Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*Introductory Chapter: Hydraulic Structures for Managing Water Resources Efficiently DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91434*

### **4. Conclusions**

*Hydraulic Structures - Theory and Applications*

*and (b) Longitudinal section of culvert and weir.*

**Figure 2.**

**Figure 3.**

*of weir.*

land that is not normally submerged [1].

are also constructed using the same idea [3].

**3. Plant basket hydraulic structures (PBHS)**

behind an embankment or a dam by flooding soil. A few of the biggest lakes in the world are reservoirs. A spillway is a segment of an embankment or a dam intended to carry water downstream from the upstream side of an embankment or a dam. It may have doors that are intended to regulate the flow of water, i.e., flood. Flood can be defined as a water overflow on the soil, which is an accumulation of water over

*Hydraulic scheme and cross-section of a trapezoidal weir [4]. (a) Hydraulic scheme of weir, and (b) Cross-section* 

*Plan and longitudinal section of a rectangular culvert and a trapezoidal weir [4]. (a) Plan of culvert and weir,* 

The differences between dam and embankment and causeway are clarified. A dam is a wall constructed across a river to create a reservoir upstream side, an embankment is a built-up river or seawall (at the shore or bank), whereas a causeway is a high road or path across wet or tidal ground. A few railway embankments

Ghomri et al. [5] studied the hydraulic jump of a hydraulic structure controlled by threshold, moving in a channel profile in a lab scale for a single roughness. The hydraulic jump was developed at the sharp transition from a supercritical flow.

River restoration is attractive as it offers considerable benefits to the environment and economy. A new plant basket hydraulic structure (PBHS) as a new river restoration measure is applied in the Flinta River, central Poland. It focuses on changes of hydromorphological conditions in a small lowland river. This is a pilot project of the construction of vegetative sediment traps (plant basket hydraulic structure) [6].

**2**

Various types of hydraulic structures are used in the world. Each of them has pros and cons. The readers of this book (*Hydraulic Structures: Theory and Applications*) will appreciate the current issues on analysis of hydraulic structures in different aspects. The approaches would be applicable in various industrial purposes as well. The advanced idea and information described here on hydraulic structures will be fruitful for the readers to find a sustainable solution in an industrialized society.

#### **Author details**

Amimul Ahsan1,2\* and Monzur Imteaz2

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Uttara University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

2 Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia

\*Address all correspondence to: ashikcivil@yahoo.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

#### **References**

[1] Chane B, Behailu S. Hydraulic Structures I. Lecture Note. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Addis Ababa University; 2006

[2] Novak P, Moffat AIB, Nalluri C, Narayanan R. Hydraulic Structures. 4th ed. Oxon, UK: Taylor & Francis; 2007

[3] HiNative. What is the Difference Between Dam and Embankment and Causeway? Available from: https:// hinative.com/en-US/questions/237962 [Accessed: 30 July 2019]

[4] Gąsiorowski D, Artichowicz W. Distribution of flows in a channel network under steady flow conditions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Formatio Circumiectus. 2019;**18**(1):27-37. DOI: 10.15576/ASP.FC/2019.18.1.27

[5] Ghomri A, Riguet F, Debabeche M. Effect for a single roughness e=5,63mm of experimental to study hydraulic jump profile in a channel in u a rough bottom. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. 2015;**5**(1):25-39. DOI: 10.4314/ jfas.v5i1.3. Available from: https:// www.ajol.info/index.php/jfas/article/ view/120940/110380

[6] Kałuża T, Radecki-Pawlik A, Szoszkiewicz K, Plesiński K, Radecki-Pawlik B, Laks I. Plant basket hydraulic structures (PBHS) as a new river restoration measure. Science of the Total Environment. 2018;**627**:245-255

**5**

**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

**1.1 Types of hydraulic structures**

inland waterways) [1].

Operation and Maintenance of

*Musa Abubakar Tadda, Amimul Ahsan, Monzur Imteaz,* 

Water is among the most valuable resources that nature has endowed to human beings. Water has cut across all spans of life from cradle to grave. Since time immemorial, man continuously developed methods and techniques to harness the benefits of water and as well to protect himself from the destruction that may be caused by the same water. Therefore, for a hydraulic structure to answer its name, it must be capable of being used smoothly for the purposes it was designed for and also be able to be controlled effectively without the risk of causing any havoc to the environment. Using water, especially for agricultural purposes, cannot be overemphasized. Hence, this chapter discusses the hydraulic structures based on the work they performed, challenges facing hydraulic structures, and management procedures of the hydraulic structures in order to adequately and efficiently serve their purpose.

Hydraulic structures play an important role in drainage, irrigation, and hydraulic projects. If hydraulic structures fail, it may cause serious damages of wealth, properties, and environment as well as losses of life and injury to economy. The water related infrastructures are constructed at the aims to facilitate human needs/desires and enhance the quality of life such as drainage channel, river/channel, irrigation canal, bank/foot protection work, embankment, dam, spur dike/groyne, bridge/ culvert, regulator, barrage/large regulator, aqueduct, pump station, siphon, and sluice. The details of some of the hydraulic structures are presented below.

Hydraulic structures are structures that are fully or partially submerged in water. The essence of building hydraulic structures is to either divert, disrupt, store, or completely stop the natural flow of water bodies. Based on the work they are designed to perform on streamflow, hydraulic structures are categorized as waterretaining structures (dams and barrages), water-conveying structures (artificial channels), and special-purpose structures (structures for hydropower generation or

*Abubakar Shitu, Umar Abdulbaki Danhassan and* 

**Keywords:** hydraulic structures, operation, maintenance, water, design

Hydraulic Structures

*Aliyu Idris Muhammad*

#### **Chapter 2**
