**Author details**

Alice Bernard1,2, Jean-Michel Gérard2 , Ivan Favero1 and Giuseppe Leo1 \*

1 Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, UMR 7162, Université Paris Diderot–CNRS, Paris, France

2 Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, INAC-PHELIQS, CEA-CNRS Nanophysics and Semiconductors Joint Group, Grenoble, France

\*Address all correspondence to: giuseppe.leo@univ-paris-diderot.fr

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
