**Author details**

*Beekeeping - New Challenges*

**2. Conclusion**

hive conditions.

*Negundo vitex*, and different products, such as citral, geraniol, thymol and the linalool, have been used to evaluate its protease inhibitory activity, constituting one

Pellegrini et al. [62] propose that the EO will act by inhibiting the production of proteases, inhibiting its transportation and secretion, inhibiting the detection of quorum or avoiding the loading of proteases. All extracellular bacterial proteases are synthesized as an inactive pre-proenzyme consisting of a signal peptide, a prosequence and a maturity sequence. The peptide functions as a signal for the translocation of the pre-proenzyme to the membrane. The pre-proenzyme is processed in the proenzyme by the peptidase signal. The accusation acts as a molecular chaperone that leads to a self-cleavage of the peptide bond that links the pro and mature sequences [83]. The EOs acted at some point in this regulatory mechanism. The inhibition of larval proteases by EO could be a form of therapeutic intervention; the blocking of bacterial virulence factors does not destroy or inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. It is expected that this strategy will generate little pressure on the selection of bacteria and, therefore, could diminish the appearance of bacterial resistance and avoid the interruption of the microbiota of benefits in urticaria. In future investigations, it will be interesting to isolate and characterize automatically the potential autoinductors of *P. larvae* and study their relationship with protease regulation. EOs studies are promising to use EOs in hives with symptoms of

The research carried out to study the *in vitro* and *in vivo* antimicrobial activity of essential oils against *P. larvae*, their toxicity in adult honey bees, as well as their mode of action (degradation of the cell wall, affecting cell morphology and damaging the cytoplasm membrane, coagulation of the cytoplasm, etc.) and anti-QS activity (inhibiting the production of proteases, inhibiting transportation and secretion of proteases, inhibiting the detection of quorum, etc.), has been thoroughly reviewed throughout this chapter. As far as honeybee larvae are the target of AFB disease, future research should focus on studying the effect of essential oils that are effective *in vitro* and non-toxic for adult honey bees on honeybee larvae. In addition, more studies are still needed on the distribution and effects of these natural products in hives, adult honey bees, larvae, honey, royal jelly and other bee products to understand the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics within the hive. As well, research on the effectiveness of these natural antimicrobials in field conditions is imperative. Moreover, further studies should be conducted on the sporicidal properties of these natural substances to destroy spores of *P. larvae* for the prevention of AFB disease. And last but not least, the development of adequate delivery modes of the essential oils within the hives for *in vivo* treatment and prevention of the disease is another important issue that requires further research, to put these natural strategies into practice under true

of the virulence factors of bacteria that can be regulated by QS [82].

Foulbrood for the control of damage caused by *P. larvae*.

**38**

Sandra Rosa Fuselli1,2, Pablo Gimenez Martinez1,3\*, Giselle Fuentes1 , Rosa María Alonso-Salces1,4 and Matías Maggi1,4

1 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (IIPROSAM) , Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina

2 Comisión Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Argentina

3 Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina

4 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

\*Address all correspondence to: beedarian@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
