**Author details**

Luciano Pilati1 \* and Paolo Fontana<sup>2</sup>

1 Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, Italy

2 Edmund Mach Foundation of San Michele all'Adige, Italy

\*Address all correspondence to: luciano.pilati@unitn.it

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**21**

*Sequencing the Movements of Honey Bee Colonies between the Forage Sites…*

perspective. American Bee Journal.

[10] Bond J, Plattner K, Hunt K. U.S. pollination-services market, fruit and tree nuts outlook. Situation and Outlook Report No. FTS-357SA, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2014

[11] Champetier A, Sumner DA, Wilen JE. The bioeconomics of honey bees and pollination. Environmental and Resource Economics. 2015;**60**:143-164

[12] Sumner DA, Boriss H. Bee-conomics

and the leap in pollination fees. Agricultural and Resource Economics Update (University of California Giannini Foundation of Agricultural

[13] Rucker RR, Thurman WN, Burgett M. Honey bee pollination markets and the internalization of reciprocal benefits. American Journal of Agricultural Economics.

[14] Sagili R, Caron D. Honey bee pollination in the Pacific Northwest. American Bee Journal.

[15] Breeze TD, Dean R, Potts SG. The costs of beekeeping for pollination services in the UK—An explorative study. Journal of Apicultural Research.

[16] Garratt MPD, Breeze TD, Jennerb N, Polcec C, Biesmeijer JC, Potts SG. Avoiding a bad apple: Insect pollination enhances fruit quality and economic value. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment.

[17] Klatt BK, Holzschuh A, Westphal C, Clough Y, Smit I, Pawelzik E, Tscharntke T. Bee pollination

Economics). 2006;**9**:9-11

2012;**94**:956-977

2016;**156**:805-808

2017;**56**:310-317

2014;**184**:34-40

2010;**150**:35-40

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80540*

[1] Klein AM, Vaissière BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Tscharntke T. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of Royal Society Biological Science.

[2] Ollerton J, Winfree R, Tarrant S. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos. 2011;**120**:321-326

[3] Gallai N, Salles J-M, Settele J, Vaissiere BE. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological Economics. 2009;**68**:810-821

[4] Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, Kunin WE. Global pollinator declines: Trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology

& Evolution. 2010;**25**:345-353

[5] Bauer DM, Wing IS. Economic consequences of pollinator declines: A synthesis. Agricultural and Resources Economic Review. 2010;**39**:368-383

[6] Goulson D, Nicholls E, Botías C, Rotheray EL. Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science.

[7] Ferrier, MP, Rucker RR, Thurman WN, Burgett M. Economic effetcs and responses to change in honey bee health: A review and trend analysis. Economic Research Report No. 246, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2018

[8] Burgett M, Rucker RR, Thurman WN. Economics of honey bee pollination markets. American Bee

[9] Burgett M, Daberkow S, Rucker R, Thurman WN. U.S. pollination markets: Recent changes and historical

Journal. 2004;**144**:269-271

2015;**347**:1-16

**References**

2007;**274**:303-313

*Sequencing the Movements of Honey Bee Colonies between the Forage Sites… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80540*

## **References**

*Beekeeping - New Challenges*

**20**

**Author details**

Luciano Pilati1

provided the original work is properly cited.

\* and Paolo Fontana<sup>2</sup>

2 Edmund Mach Foundation of San Michele all'Adige, Italy

\*Address all correspondence to: luciano.pilati@unitn.it

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

1 Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, Italy

[1] Klein AM, Vaissière BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Tscharntke T. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of Royal Society Biological Science. 2007;**274**:303-313

[2] Ollerton J, Winfree R, Tarrant S. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos. 2011;**120**:321-326

[3] Gallai N, Salles J-M, Settele J, Vaissiere BE. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological Economics. 2009;**68**:810-821

[4] Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, Kunin WE. Global pollinator declines: Trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2010;**25**:345-353

[5] Bauer DM, Wing IS. Economic consequences of pollinator declines: A synthesis. Agricultural and Resources Economic Review. 2010;**39**:368-383

[6] Goulson D, Nicholls E, Botías C, Rotheray EL. Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science. 2015;**347**:1-16

[7] Ferrier, MP, Rucker RR, Thurman WN, Burgett M. Economic effetcs and responses to change in honey bee health: A review and trend analysis. Economic Research Report No. 246, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2018

[8] Burgett M, Rucker RR, Thurman WN. Economics of honey bee pollination markets. American Bee Journal. 2004;**144**:269-271

[9] Burgett M, Daberkow S, Rucker R, Thurman WN. U.S. pollination markets: Recent changes and historical perspective. American Bee Journal. 2010;**150**:35-40

[10] Bond J, Plattner K, Hunt K. U.S. pollination-services market, fruit and tree nuts outlook. Situation and Outlook Report No. FTS-357SA, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2014

[11] Champetier A, Sumner DA, Wilen JE. The bioeconomics of honey bees and pollination. Environmental and Resource Economics. 2015;**60**:143-164

[12] Sumner DA, Boriss H. Bee-conomics and the leap in pollination fees. Agricultural and Resource Economics Update (University of California Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics). 2006;**9**:9-11

[13] Rucker RR, Thurman WN, Burgett M. Honey bee pollination markets and the internalization of reciprocal benefits. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2012;**94**:956-977

[14] Sagili R, Caron D. Honey bee pollination in the Pacific Northwest. American Bee Journal. 2016;**156**:805-808

[15] Breeze TD, Dean R, Potts SG. The costs of beekeeping for pollination services in the UK—An explorative study. Journal of Apicultural Research. 2017;**56**:310-317

[16] Garratt MPD, Breeze TD, Jennerb N, Polcec C, Biesmeijer JC, Potts SG. Avoiding a bad apple: Insect pollination enhances fruit quality and economic value. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2014;**184**:34-40

[17] Klatt BK, Holzschuh A, Westphal C, Clough Y, Smit I, Pawelzik E, Tscharntke T. Bee pollination

improves crop quality, shelf life and commercial value. Proceeding of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences. 2014;**281**:2013-2440

[18] Fitter AH, Fitter RSR. Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants. Science. 2002;**296**:1689-1691

[19] Hellerstein D, Hitaj C, Smith D, Davis A. Land use, land cover, and pollinator health: A review and trend analysis. Economic Research Report No. 232, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2017

[20] Jabr F. The mind-boggling math of migratory beekeeping. Scientific American. 2013;**1**. Available from: https://www.scientificamerican.com/ article/migratory-beekeeping-mindboggling-math [Accessed: 07 May 2018]

[21] Gordon R, Bresolin-Schott N, East IJ. Nomadic beekeeper movements create the potential for widespread disease in the honeybee industry. Austalian Veterinary Journal. 2014;**92**:283-290

[22] Carreck NL, Williams IH, Little DJ. The movement of honey bee colonies for crop pollination and honey production by beekeepers in Great Britain. Bee World. 1997;**78**:67-77

[23] Pilati L, Daris R, Prestamburgo M, Sgroi F. Modeling sequential production: The migratory beekeeper case. Quality Access to Success. 2018;**19**:146-154

[24] Pilati L, Prestamburgo M. Sequential relationship between profitability and sustainability. The case of migratory beekeeping. Sustainability. 2016;**94**:399-421

[25] Shumway RC, Pope RD, Nash E. Allocatable fixed inputs and jointness in agricultural production: Implications for economic modeling. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 1984;**66**:72-78

[26] Gorddard R. Profit-maximizing land-use revisited: The testable implications of non-joint crop production under land constraint. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2013;**94**:956-977

[27] Hansen GL, Jensen CL. Jointness through vessel capacity input in multispecies fishery. Agricultural Economics. 2014;**45**:745-7567

[28] Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/ science/sustain-ability [Accessed: 25 Jun 2018]

[29] Fontana P. Il piacere delle api. Le api come modello di sostenibilità e l'apicoltura come esperienza della natura e della storia dell'uomo. WBA Project. 2017

[30] Steffan-Dewenter I, Münzenberg U, Bürger C, Thies C, Tscharntke T. Scaledependent effects of landscape context on three pollinator guilds. Ecology. 2002;**83**:1421-1432

[31] Marini L, Quaranta M, Fontana P, Biesmeijer JC, Bommarco R. Landscape context and elevation affect pollinator communities in intensive apple orchards. Basic and Applied Ecology. 2012;**13**:681-689

[32] Woodcock BA, Isaac NJ, Bullock JM, Roy DB, Garthwaite DG, Crowe A, Pywell RF. Impacts of neonicotinoid use on long-term population changes in wild bees in England. Nature Communications. 2016;**7**:12459

[33] Breeze TD, Vaissière BE, Bommarco R, Petanidou T, Seraphides N, et al. Agricultural policies exacerbate honeybee pollination service supplydemand mismatches across europe. PLoS One. 2014;**9**:e82996

[34] Sabatini AG, Alexandrova M, Carpana E, Medrzycki P, Bortolotti L, Ghini S, Girotti S, Porrini C, Bazzi C,

**23**

*Sequencing the Movements of Honey Bee Colonies between the Forage Sites…*

[42] Paxton R, Brown M, Kuhlmann M, Goulson D, Decourtye A, Willmer P, Bonmatin JM. Entomology: The bee-all and end-all. Nature. 2015;**521**:S57-S59

[43] Engel MS. The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Apis). Journal of Hymenoptera

[44] Sheppard WS, Meixner VM. Apis mellifera pomonella, a new honey bee subspecies from Central Asia. Apidologie. 2003;**34**:367-375

[45] Meixner MD, Leta MA, Koeniger N, Fuchs S. The honey bees of Ethiopia represent a new subspecies of *Apis mellifera*-*Apis mellifera* simensis n. ssp.

[46] Appeal for Biodiversity Protection of Native Honeybee Subspecies of *Apis mellifera* Linnaeus, 1758 in Italy—San Michele all'Adige Declaration, Jun 12, 2018. Available from: https://eventi. fmach.it/Carta-di-San-Michele-all-Adige/La-Carta-di-San-Michele-all-Adige [Accessed: 12 Jun 2018]

[47] Muñoz I, Dall′Olio R, Lodesani M, De la Rúa P, Schonrogge K, Brady S. Estimating introgression in *Apis mellifera siciliana* populations: Are the conservation islands effective? Insect Conservation Diversity. 2014;**7**:563-571

[48] Louveaux J, Albisetti M, Delangue M, Theurkauff J. Les modalités de l'adaptation des abeilles (*Apis mellifica* L.) au milieu naturel. Annales de

[49] Goulson D, Sparrow KR. Evidence for competition between honeybees and bumblebees; effects on bumblebee

l'Abeille. 1966;**9**:323-350

worker size. Journal of Insect Conservation. 2009;**13**:177-181

One. 2017;**12**:e0189268

[50] Mallinger RE, Gaines-Day HR, Gratton C. Do managed bees have negative effects on wild bees?: A

systematic review of the literature. PLoS

Apidologie. 2011;**42**:425-437

Research. 1999;**8**:165-196

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80540*

Baroni F, Alessandrini A. Relationships between *Apis mellifera* and *Erwinia amylovora*: Bioindication, bacterium dispersal and quarantine procedures. Acta Horticulturae. 2006;**704**:155-162

[35] Pattemore DE, Goodwin RM, McBrydie HM, Hoyte SM, Vanneste JL. Evidence of the role of honey bees (*Apis mellifera*) as vectors of the bacterial plant pathogen *Pseudomonas syringae*. Australasian Plant Pathology.

[36] Gasparoto MC, Lourenço SA, Tanaka FA, Spósito MB, Marchini LC, Silva Junior GJ, Amorim L. Honeybees can spread *Colletotrichum acutatum* and *C. gloeosporioides* among citrus plants. Plant Pathology. 2017;**66**:777-782

[37] Marini L, Fontana P, Scotton M, Klimek S. Vascular plant and *Orthoptera* diversity in relation to grassland

[38] Campbell AJ, Wilby A, Sutton P, Wäckers F. Do sown flower strips boost wild pollinator abundance and pollination services in a spring-flowering crop? A case study from UK cider apple orchards. Agriculture, Ecosystems &

Environment. 2017;**239**:20-29

2015;**5**:3523-3530

Medicine. 2012;**4**:202-216

[39] Feltham H, Park K, Minderman J, Goulson D. Experimental evidence that wildflower strips increase pollinator visits to crops. Ecology and Evolution.

[40] Sivani S, Sudarsanam D. Impacts of radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) from cell phone towers and wireless devices on biosystem and ecosystem—A review. Biology and

[41] Crane E. Apiculture. In: Perspectives in World Agriculture. Farnham Royal, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux; 1980. pp. 261-294

Ecology. 2008;**45**:361-370

management and landscape composition in the European Alps. Journal of Applied

2014;**43**:1-5

*Sequencing the Movements of Honey Bee Colonies between the Forage Sites… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80540*

Baroni F, Alessandrini A. Relationships between *Apis mellifera* and *Erwinia amylovora*: Bioindication, bacterium dispersal and quarantine procedures. Acta Horticulturae. 2006;**704**:155-162

*Beekeeping - New Challenges*

2014;**281**:2013-2440

improves crop quality, shelf life and commercial value. Proceeding of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences.

[26] Gorddard R. Profit-maximizing land-use revisited: The testable implications of non-joint crop production under land constraint. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2013;**94**:956-977

[27] Hansen GL, Jensen CL. Jointness through vessel capacity input in multispecies fishery. Agricultural Economics. 2014;**45**:745-7567

[28] Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/ science/sustain-ability [Accessed: 25 Jun

[29] Fontana P. Il piacere delle api. Le api come modello di sostenibilità e l'apicoltura come esperienza della natura e della storia dell'uomo. WBA Project.

[30] Steffan-Dewenter I, Münzenberg U, Bürger C, Thies C, Tscharntke T. Scaledependent effects of landscape context on three pollinator guilds. Ecology.

[31] Marini L, Quaranta M, Fontana P, Biesmeijer JC, Bommarco R. Landscape context and elevation affect pollinator communities in intensive apple orchards. Basic and Applied Ecology.

[32] Woodcock BA, Isaac NJ, Bullock JM, Roy DB, Garthwaite DG, Crowe A, Pywell RF. Impacts of neonicotinoid use on long-term population changes in wild bees in England. Nature Communications. 2016;**7**:12459

[33] Breeze TD, Vaissière BE, Bommarco R, Petanidou T, Seraphides N, et al. Agricultural policies exacerbate honeybee pollination service supplydemand mismatches across europe.

PLoS One. 2014;**9**:e82996

[34] Sabatini AG, Alexandrova M, Carpana E, Medrzycki P, Bortolotti L, Ghini S, Girotti S, Porrini C, Bazzi C,

2018]

2017

2002;**83**:1421-1432

2012;**13**:681-689

[18] Fitter AH, Fitter RSR. Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants. Science. 2002;**296**:1689-1691

[19] Hellerstein D, Hitaj C, Smith D, Davis A. Land use, land cover, and pollinator health: A review and trend analysis. Economic Research Report No. 232, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2017

[20] Jabr F. The mind-boggling math of migratory beekeeping. Scientific American. 2013;**1**. Available from: https://www.scientificamerican.com/ article/migratory-beekeeping-mindboggling-math [Accessed: 07 May 2018]

[21] Gordon R, Bresolin-Schott N, East IJ. Nomadic beekeeper movements create the potential for widespread disease in the honeybee industry. Austalian Veterinary Journal.

[22] Carreck NL, Williams IH, Little DJ. The movement of honey bee colonies for crop pollination and honey production by beekeepers in Great Britain. Bee World. 1997;**78**:67-77

[23] Pilati L, Daris R, Prestamburgo M, Sgroi F. Modeling sequential production: The migratory beekeeper case. Quality Access to Success. 2018;**19**:146-154

profitability and sustainability. The case of migratory beekeeping. Sustainability.

[24] Pilati L, Prestamburgo M. Sequential relationship between

[25] Shumway RC, Pope RD, Nash E. Allocatable fixed inputs and jointness in agricultural production: Implications for economic modeling. American Journal of Agricultural Economics.

2016;**94**:399-421

1984;**66**:72-78

2014;**92**:283-290

**22**

[35] Pattemore DE, Goodwin RM, McBrydie HM, Hoyte SM, Vanneste JL. Evidence of the role of honey bees (*Apis mellifera*) as vectors of the bacterial plant pathogen *Pseudomonas syringae*. Australasian Plant Pathology. 2014;**43**:1-5

[36] Gasparoto MC, Lourenço SA, Tanaka FA, Spósito MB, Marchini LC, Silva Junior GJ, Amorim L. Honeybees can spread *Colletotrichum acutatum* and *C. gloeosporioides* among citrus plants. Plant Pathology. 2017;**66**:777-782

[37] Marini L, Fontana P, Scotton M, Klimek S. Vascular plant and *Orthoptera* diversity in relation to grassland management and landscape composition in the European Alps. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2008;**45**:361-370

[38] Campbell AJ, Wilby A, Sutton P, Wäckers F. Do sown flower strips boost wild pollinator abundance and pollination services in a spring-flowering crop? A case study from UK cider apple orchards. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2017;**239**:20-29

[39] Feltham H, Park K, Minderman J, Goulson D. Experimental evidence that wildflower strips increase pollinator visits to crops. Ecology and Evolution. 2015;**5**:3523-3530

[40] Sivani S, Sudarsanam D. Impacts of radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) from cell phone towers and wireless devices on biosystem and ecosystem—A review. Biology and Medicine. 2012;**4**:202-216

[41] Crane E. Apiculture. In: Perspectives in World Agriculture. Farnham Royal, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux; 1980. pp. 261-294

[42] Paxton R, Brown M, Kuhlmann M, Goulson D, Decourtye A, Willmer P, Bonmatin JM. Entomology: The bee-all and end-all. Nature. 2015;**521**:S57-S59

[43] Engel MS. The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Apis). Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 1999;**8**:165-196

[44] Sheppard WS, Meixner VM. Apis mellifera pomonella, a new honey bee subspecies from Central Asia. Apidologie. 2003;**34**:367-375

[45] Meixner MD, Leta MA, Koeniger N, Fuchs S. The honey bees of Ethiopia represent a new subspecies of *Apis mellifera*-*Apis mellifera* simensis n. ssp. Apidologie. 2011;**42**:425-437

[46] Appeal for Biodiversity Protection of Native Honeybee Subspecies of *Apis mellifera* Linnaeus, 1758 in Italy—San Michele all'Adige Declaration, Jun 12, 2018. Available from: https://eventi. fmach.it/Carta-di-San-Michele-all-Adige/La-Carta-di-San-Michele-all-Adige [Accessed: 12 Jun 2018]

[47] Muñoz I, Dall′Olio R, Lodesani M, De la Rúa P, Schonrogge K, Brady S. Estimating introgression in *Apis mellifera siciliana* populations: Are the conservation islands effective? Insect Conservation Diversity. 2014;**7**:563-571

[48] Louveaux J, Albisetti M, Delangue M, Theurkauff J. Les modalités de l'adaptation des abeilles (*Apis mellifica* L.) au milieu naturel. Annales de l'Abeille. 1966;**9**:323-350

[49] Goulson D, Sparrow KR. Evidence for competition between honeybees and bumblebees; effects on bumblebee worker size. Journal of Insect Conservation. 2009;**13**:177-181

[50] Mallinger RE, Gaines-Day HR, Gratton C. Do managed bees have negative effects on wild bees?: A systematic review of the literature. PLoS One. 2017;**12**:e0189268

#### *Beekeeping - New Challenges*

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[53] Blanc S, Brun F, Di Vita G, Mosso A. Traditional beekeeping in rural areas: Profitability analysis and feasibility of pollination service. Quality Access to Success. 2018;**19**:72-79

[54] Nieto A, Roberts SPM, Kemp J, Rasmont P, Kuhlmann M, García Criado M, et al. European Red List of Bees. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union; 2014

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[58] Ehmke M, Jones-Ritten C, Shogren J, Panchalingam T. Integrating ecological and economic considerations for pollinator habitat policy. Choices. 2015;**30**:1-7

[59] Brussaard L, Caron P, Campbell B, Lipper L, Mainka S, Rabbinge R, Babin D, Pulleman M. Reconciling biodiversity conservation and food security: Scientific challenges for a new agriculture. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2010;**2**:34-42

**25**

**Chapter 3**

Review

**Abstract**

essential oils.

*Apis mellifera*

**1. Introduction**

stressors are likely involved [5].

Prevention and Control of

American Foulbrood in South

*Sandra Rosa Fuselli, Pablo Gimenez Martinez, Giselle Fuentes,*

American foulbrood (AFB) is the most severe bacterial disease that affects honey bees, having a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. AFB's causative agent is *Paenibacillus larvae*. AFB kills infected honey bee larvae; however, it eventually leads to the collapse of the entire colony when left untreated. The infection takes place by the ingestion of the spores with the food provided by adult worker bees to the larvae. In South America (SA) the disease was first described in 1989 in Argentina, constituting the first sanitary challenge for beekeepers to overcome. Prevention and control measures of AFB in SA countries generally include vigilance for early diagnosis, isolation of apiaries with cases of AFB, and multiplication of healthy colonies with hygienic queens, among others. The extensive use of tetracycline hydrochloride in Argentina has led to the development of resistant *P. larvae* isolates. In this context, the development of alternative and effective methods for the control and prevention of AFB disease is crucial. Currently, alternative strategies for the prevention and treatment of AFB are being studied, mainly based on

**Keywords:** *Paenibacillus larvae*, essential oils, quorum sensing, American foulbrood,

Along with wild bees, honeybees are the most important crop pollinators [1, 2]. *Apis mellifera* pollinates 77% of the plants responsible for producing food resources which sustain the global human population [1]. Since 1998, individual beekeepers have reported the unusual weakening and mortality of colonies, particularly in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and North America [3, 4]. Most scientists agree that there is no single explanation for the extensive colony losses, but that interactions between different

American foulbrood (AFB) is the most severe bacterial disease that affects honey bees, having a nearly cosmopolitan distribution (**Figure 1**) [6]. AFB only kills

America with Essential Oils:

*Rosa María Alonso-Salces and Matías Maggi*
