*5.2.3 Cassava stem (CS)*

Cassava stem is the largest waste generated from cassava plantation after harvest, up to 400 bundles can be obtained per hectare (Information and Communication Support for Agricultural Growth in Nigeria, 2015). From the estimated amount of cassava stem waste generated it shows that enough can be obtained for processing into useful application. Cassava stem can be fed to pigs, poultry, dairy cattle [45] and biochar production [46].

#### **5.3 Synthesis of cassava plant extract nanoparticles (CPENPs)**

CPENPs which comprises of cassava bark nanoparticles (CBNPs) [47], cassava leaf nanoparticles (CLNPs) [48] and cassava stem nanoparticles (CSNPs) [48] were obtained by first soaking for 24 h, after which ball milling for 60 h was carried out, to achieve a particles size below 100 nm which were estimated by SEM/Gwyddion software, XRD and TEM [47, 48]. Trace elements such as O, Si, Ca, K, Fe and S, were revealed using EDX, which are hetero-atoms and can be added to coatings to help in inhibiting corrosion on metal surfaces [47, 48]. Elements like Si and Ca would improve the strength of coatings as well as reduce corrosion rate of coated metals [47, 48]. XRD revealed compounds such as SiO2, CaCO3, Ca2(SO4)2H2O and CaC2O4(H2O), these compounds would help in improving the mechanical properties of alloys or composites and coatings. SiO2 if added to coatings will improve the coating hardness, while the presence of CaCO3 in coatings will form a precipitate that will serve as a protective film on the surface of the metal, thereby protecting the metal from corrosion. FTIR result revealed the nature of bond that exist in the CLNPs and GC–MS result showed various organic compounds that were presence in the CLNPs [48]. These organic compounds can be classified as fats, waxes, alkaloids, proteins, phenolics, simple sugars, pectins, mucilages, gums, resins, terpenes, starches, glycosides, saponins and essential oils. All of which helps improve the properties of metallic coatings [47, 48]. This chapter discuss the synthesis and characterization of CPENPs which can be used as additives to coatings for corrosion protection, especially coatings for oil and gas applications due to the properties as discussed by Kolawole et al. [46–48]. Therefore, CPENPs should not be left to waste as they are useful for additives in coatings. These will add value to the CPENPs that is usually dumped in the environment and also reduces environmental pollution.

**71**

*Green Corrosion Inhibitory Potentials of Cassava Plant (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Extract…*

The authors will like to acknowledge Dr. Abdulhakeem Bello, Physics Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa. Mr. Elakhame in the Ceramic

Utilization of cassava plant extract (bark, leaf and stem) nanoparticles as green corrosion inhibitors incorporated into paint or coatings as an additive. The cassava plant part waste utilized will reduce the amount of waste contributing to environmental nuisance. The cassava plant solid extract (bark, leaf and stem) will serve as wealth creation to the farmers and value addition to the cassava waste. The developed corrosion resistant paint will enhance corrosion resistant of API 5 L X65 steel pipeline used in the oil and gas industries. Since the world production of cassava is about 268 million tonnes annually, the cassava waste generated will be significantly high, therefore the developed corrosion resistant paint will be cheaper and efficient because of the presence of heteroatoms and organic compounds which help in

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79221*

**6. Conclusions**

inhibiting corrosion.

**Acknowledgements**

Department in FIIRO.

**Conflict of interest**

Authors have no conflict of interest.

*Green Corrosion Inhibitory Potentials of Cassava Plant (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Extract… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79221*
