Preface

Monitoring seawater and modeling ocean parameters require innovative methods to assess the impacts of marine pollution on the ecosystem. It is a decision-making process designed to evaluate environmental impacts and the effect of pollutants, which can be divided into long-term and short-term effects. Oil spill often has catastrophic effects on the marine biota when released. On the other hand, the study of the impact of human activities is necessary. We should care about the continuing environmental degradation of our oceans and coastal areas because it is detrimental to human health, economic development, the climate, and our planet's store of biodiversity.

 The introduction of harmful pollutants into the marine environment interferes with the functioning of the marine ecosystem, and heavy metals are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, and subsequently to humans. Nowadays, remote sensing technology has been developed and widely applied to assess marine pollution, and models have been developed to assess pollutants.

Remote sensing data combined with information from in-situ observations helps in the detection and extraction of polluted components in water, and accurate measurements of pollution levels in large regions ensures objectivity for methods of analysis.

 This book discusses all methods, algorithms, and models that process and measure concentrations of pollutants. This publication will be valuable to marine biologists and environmentalists concerned with marine pollution and monitoring methods.

> **Houma Bachari Fouzia**  National Higher School of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management, Algeria

**1**

**Chapter 1**

**1. Introduction**

surveillance [2].

Introductory Chapter: Marine

*Houma Fouzia, Boufeniza Redouane Larbi, Adem Amina,* 

Monitoring the quality of the marine and coastal environment combines activities of various kinds and is defined as a type of activity that can be exercised on a regulatory basis (this is a control) or to evaluate levels or trends for a scientific study. This definition made it possible to clarify later, after a good number of debates, the definition of the monitoring objectives. It was at the origin of the extensive definition produced by the Oslo and Paris Conventions (the OSPAR Convention), which constitutes the most current reference: "continuous monitoring is the repeated measure of the quality of the marine environment and of each of its compartments, namely, water, sediment and living environment; natural or anthropogenic activities or inputs that may affect the quality of the marine environ-

Monitoring of the coastal and marine environment in particular requires the study of water (physical chemistry, temperature, salinity, oxygen, bacteriology, etc.), the sediment (grain size, micro, etc.), and living (benthos, plants, magnoliophytes, algae, fish, coral, biomonitoring, bioindicators). The methods and means of analysis and monitoring features of the marine and coastal environment (physical and chemical parameters, pollutants, nutrients, etc.) are numerous. Measurements are essential for understanding and interpreting data to accomplish the goals of

The study of environmental pollution implies as a precise knowledge as possible of the distribution of pollutants in ecosystems and their effects on living organisms. Sometimes, it is customary to distinguish between a chemical monitoring whose purpose is to determine the level of contamination by a particular pollutant biotope and biomass and other biological monitoring which aims to assess the impact at a given moment or time of environmental pollution on exposed populations and communities. Since the critical level of ecotoxicological concentration-response relationship to a given pollutant is known, it will subsequently be possible to establish environmental protection standards for the pollutant under consideration.

This monitoring only covers water bodies. The basic parameters are temperature, salinity, nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate), chlorophyll a, and pheopigments. On some sites, dissolved oxygen and silicate are also measured.

Monitoring Pollution

*Chabi Nacera and Bachari Nour El Islam*

ment; and the effects of its activities and contributions" [1].

**2. Monitoring of general quality parameters**

**2.1 Enrichment and eutrophication parameters**
