Pest Management in Cereals

*Pests Control and Acarology*

[Internet]. 2016. [cited 2016 May 5]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/ ingredients-used-pesticide-products/ what-are-biopesticides#classes

An Environmental Biopesticide: Theory and Practice. John Wiley and Sons; 1993.

[28] Harwood CR, Wipat A. Sequencing and functional analysis of the genome of *Bacillus subtilis* strain 168. FEBS

[29] Georgis R, Koppenhöfer AM, Lacey LA, Bélair G, Duncan LW, Grewal PS, et al. Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control. Biological Control. 2006;**38**(1):103-123

[30] Purohit SS, Vyas SP. Medicinal Plant Cultivation: A Scientific Approach: Including Processing and Financial Guidelines. India: Agrobios; 2004

Biological and Biotechnological Control insect pests. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis

[27] Usta C. Microorganisms in biological pest control—A review (bacterial toxin application and effect of environmental factors). In: Current Progress in Biological Research. Rijeka:

Letters. 1996;**389**(1):84-87

[31] Weinzierl RA. Botanical insecticides, soaps, and oils. In:

Publishers; 2000. pp. 101-121

[32] Regnier FE, Law JH. Insect pheromones. The Journal of Lipid Research. 1968;**9**(5):541-551

[33] Sarkar NC. Role of biopesticides in organic farming. International Journal of Agriculture Environment & Biotechnology. 2009;**2**(1):102-104

[34] Agriinfo. http.pdf [Internet]. Available from: http://agriinfo.in/ default.aspx?page=topic&superid=6&t

[35] Damalas CA. Current Status and Recent Developments in Biopesticide Use. Agriculture [Internet]. 2018. **8**(1):13. Available from: http://www.

mdpi.com/2077-0472/8/1/13

opicid=751

pp. 193-220

Intech; 2013

[19] Khan S, Nadir S, Lihua G, Xu J, Holmes KA, Dewen Q. Identification and characterization of an insect toxin protein, Bb70p, from the entomopathogenic fungus, *Beauveria bassiana*, using *Galleria mellonella* as a model system. Journal of Invertebrate

[20] Smith HA, Capinera JL. Natural Enemies and Biological Control.

[21] Burges HD. Safety, safety testing and quality control of microbial

[Internet]. 2017. pp. 1-6. Available from:

pesticides. In: Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980. 1981

[22] Ferry N, Edwards MG, Gatehouse J, Capell T, Christou P, Gatehouse AMR. Transgenic plants for insect pest control: A forward looking scientific perspective. Transgenic Research.

[23] Cavoski I, Caboni P, Miano T. Natural pesticides and future perspectives. In: Pesticides in the Modern World-Pesticides Use and Management. Rijeka: InTech; 2011

[24] Rattan RS, Sharma A. Plant

management. Indian Journal of

secondary metabolites in the sustainable diamondback moth (*Plutella xylostella*)

Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences.

[25] Farooq M, Jabran K, Cheema ZA, Wahid A, Siddique KHM. The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management. Pest Management Science. 2011;**67**(5):493-506

[26] Meadows MP. Bacillus thuringiensis in the environment: Ecology and risk assessment. In: *Bacillus thuringiensis*,

Pathology. 2016;**133**:87-94

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in120

2006;**15**(1):13-19

2011;**1**:295-309

**34**

Chapter 3

Africa

Abstract

community

37

1. Introduction

world, thinks of rice as their staple food.

Laurent L. Mnyone

Trap Barrier System (TBS) as a

Management in Irrigated Rice in

Rodent infestation poses a serious threat to smallholder farmers in both developed and developing countries where a large proportion of potential crop yield is lost. In Tanzania, the average annual yield loss of rice is estimated to be around 5–12%. Management of rodent pests in Africa relies mostly on the use of rodenticides which, however, are often applied only when damage has already occurred rather than routinely. Rodenticides used in this way are rarely economically and ecologically sustainable for managing rodents in irrigated rice. A "community-based Trap-Barrier-System (cTBS)" provides an alternative novel rodent control approach for controlling rodents in rice fields. This is basically a system where rodents are trapped in a rice field that is planted a short period earlier than the surrounding fields and therefore attracting rodents from a much wider area than the field itself. The system has proved very successful in irrigated rice fields in Tanzania, increasing rice yields in the intervention fields by 40.91%. A single cTBS can confer protection in up to 16 ha of irrigated rice field. Therefore, if scaled up and used widely, TBS has a great potential for managing rodent pests and improving yield in irrigated rice fields.

Keywords: trap barrier system, rodent pest, irrigated rice, management,

Rice (Oryza sativa) is among the three leading food crops of the world, with maize (corn) and wheat being the other two. All the three crops provide around 42% of the world's required caloric intake. In 2009, human consumption was responsible for 78% of the total usage of produced rice [1]. More than 3.5 billion of the world's population, which translates to at least half of the people living in the

According to IRRI [1], the top rice producing countries include India (43.2%), China (30.35%), Indonesia (12.16%), Bangladesh (12.00%), Thailand (9.65%), Vietnam (7.66%), Burma (6.8%), Philippines (4.5%), Cambodia (2.9%) and

New Tool for Rodent Pest

Loth S. Mulungu, Bernard M. Mchukya and

## Chapter 3
