**3.4 Antidiabetic effect**

*Banana Nutrition - Function and Processing Kinetics*

The extracts showing more than 60% inhibition of cell proliferation were the active extracts. Among these, hexane extract of banana peel and pulp showed maximum toxicity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines with percentages of 62.04 and 61.21%, respectively, while the aqueous and ethanol extracts indicated low anti-proliferative activity against HCT-116 and MCF-7. Interestingly, all the tested extracts

In a research that assessed the anti-angiogenic potential of different banana extracts, rat aorta ring assay was employed using suramin as a reference drug. Banana extracts exhibiting over 60% inhibition of sprouting of blood vessels were considered active extracts. Two extracts exhibited potent inhibitory activity (>60%) with maximum inhibition of 85.32% produced by the hexane extract of banana peel. These significant inhibition values were very much similar with the standard drug

Ulcer has been a major challenge of developing nations. It is a lesion caused by factors including the bacteria *Helicobacter pylori* and excess acidity. Researchers tested the potency of banana against this complication and it was shown to have significant antiulcer activity by [33] who evaluated the ulcer index, gastric wall mucus, gastric juice pH, and volume of ulcer-induced animals. The results showed the preventive effect of tepal and peel extracts against indomethacin plus pylorus ligation-induced ulcer by 68.80 ± 20.53 and 43.22 ± 14.82%, respectively. In addition, reduced gastric juice volume and increased gastric wall mucus were observed in both the tepal and peel extract-treated groups. Finally, the study revealed that banana tepal and peel extracts were able to prevent the induced ulcer by strengthening the gastric mucosa and decreasing the acidity of the gastric juice. In another study on the antiulcer effects of chloroform and ethanol extracts of banana, in ulcer-induced rats by ethanol, it was found that, both the chloroform (200 mg/kg) and ethanol extracts (400 mg/kg) were effective against the induced ulcer by significantly (p < 0.05) reducing the number of ulcer and ulcer index as compared to the

showed virtually no cytotoxic effect against the normal cell lines [28].

*Mechanism of pro-apoptotic effect of saponins, compounds present in banana [72].*

(suramin), which showed potent inhibition of microvessel growth [28].

*3.2.2 Anti-angiogenic activity*

**Figure 5.**

**3.3 Antiulcer activity**

standard ulcer drug, ranitidine [34].

**12**

Diabetes, which can be insulin dependent or non-insulin dependent, poses a great threat to humanity. High level of glucose is prominent in diabetic patients and attempts have been made to counteract that using several plants including banana. Investigation into the anti-hyperglycemic effect of ethanol extract of *Musa sapientum* (*EMS*)*, M. paradisiaca (EMP), Musa cavendish (EMC),* and *M. acuminata (*EMA) peels by oral glucose tolerance test in glucose-loaded (2 g/kg p.o) normoglycemic (having normal concentration of glucose) rats was done by [24]. It was observed from this study that animals treated with EMC (500 and 1000 mg/ kg, p.o) and EMA (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o) showed marked anti-hyperglycemic effect (p < 0.01). Also, both EMS (200 mg/kg, p.o) and EMP (500 mg/kg, p.o) depicted significant (p < 0.01) decrease in blood glucose level. Another study aimed at evaluating the *in vitro* antidiabetic activity of methanol extracts of three kinds of fruit peels (lemon, pomegranate, and banana) showed that banana peel exhibited maximum alpha amylase inhibitory activity (80.87% at 1000 μg/mL). Hence, banana peel is more potent among the three, having the highest hypoglycemic effect. Thus, it can be utilized as antidiabetic supplement as compared to the others [36]. The hypoglycemic effect of methanolic extract of mature green fruits of *M. paradisiaca* in normal (normoglycemic) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (hyperglycemic) mice was evaluated. The results of this experiment indicated that the extract possesses hypoglycemic activity, and hence corroborate folkloric use of the plant in the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus [37]. The effect of *M. sapientum* Linn. sucker administration on pancreas histology, fasting blood glucose as well as body weight in experimental animals made hyperglycemic by alloxan induction were reported by [38]. The sample was found to effectively reduce the glucose level, improve the animal's body weight, and regenerate the damaged pancreas in the induced rats. Hence, banana is perhaps the best candidate for diabetic control.
