**Applications and Challenges**

[18] Ansys Fluent 17.1. ANSYS Inc. Products; 2013

Patent 9,468,899; 2016

64 Biofuels - Challenges and opportunities

Research. 2008;38:1-6

Cambridge University Press; 2003

1984;61(6):494

[19] Janajreh IM, Rabu RA. System and method for continuous transesterification of oils, US

[20] Laidler K. The development of the Arrhenius equation. Journal of Chemical Education.

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**Chapter 5**

**Provisional chapter**

**Measurement of Limited and Unlimited Emissions**

**Measurement of Limited and Unlimited Emissions** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79705

**during Burning of Alternative Fuels in the Tractor's**

**during Burning of Alternative Fuels in the Tractor's** 

This text is aimed at the basic analysis of diesel oil and rapeseed methyl ester and evaluation of limited and unlimited emission produced by their combustion. Thereafter, test results are compared, and the evaluation of emission—greenhouse gases, dangerous exhaust gases and strong carcinogens and their contents during fuel combustion—is done. In this chapter, results obtained from the application of biofuel to the machinery working in conditions sensitive to environmental contamination are presented. At present, our environment is excessively overloaded with all kinds of emission, and the idea of using fuel with a marginal impact on the environment is very important. Based on the evaluation of emission, it can be stated that it is very important to study not only limited but also unlimited emission that can be very dangerous, although in this work it was

discovered that values of unlimited emission do not exceed the lethal limit.

**Keywords:** alternative fuels, exhaust, internal combustion engine, tractor, limited

Developments in the field of technology also bring with their positive impact and increased quality of life undesirable side effects. One of the severe adverse effects of scientific and technical progress is environmental pollution [1–3]. We can now witness the producers' efforts to increase the ecological safety taking place as early as in the combustion engine development for motor vehicles. As a result, vehicles are equipped with exhaust systems supplemented

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Juraj Jablonický, Danela Uhrínová, Juraj Tulík and

Juraj Jablonický, Danela Uhrínová, Juraj Tulík and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79705

emissions, unlimited emissions

**Engines**

**Engines**

Ján Polerecký

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Ján Polerecký

#### **Measurement of Limited and Unlimited Emissions during Burning of Alternative Fuels in the Tractor's Engines Measurement of Limited and Unlimited Emissions during Burning of Alternative Fuels in the Tractor's Engines**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79705

Juraj Jablonický, Danela Uhrínová, Juraj Tulík and Ján Polerecký Juraj Jablonický, Danela Uhrínová, Juraj Tulík and Ján Polerecký

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79705

#### **Abstract**

This text is aimed at the basic analysis of diesel oil and rapeseed methyl ester and evaluation of limited and unlimited emission produced by their combustion. Thereafter, test results are compared, and the evaluation of emission—greenhouse gases, dangerous exhaust gases and strong carcinogens and their contents during fuel combustion—is done. In this chapter, results obtained from the application of biofuel to the machinery working in conditions sensitive to environmental contamination are presented. At present, our environment is excessively overloaded with all kinds of emission, and the idea of using fuel with a marginal impact on the environment is very important. Based on the evaluation of emission, it can be stated that it is very important to study not only limited but also unlimited emission that can be very dangerous, although in this work it was discovered that values of unlimited emission do not exceed the lethal limit.

**Keywords:** alternative fuels, exhaust, internal combustion engine, tractor, limited emissions, unlimited emissions

### **1. Introduction**

Developments in the field of technology also bring with their positive impact and increased quality of life undesirable side effects. One of the severe adverse effects of scientific and technical progress is environmental pollution [1–3]. We can now witness the producers' efforts to increase the ecological safety taking place as early as in the combustion engine development for motor vehicles. As a result, vehicles are equipped with exhaust systems supplemented

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

with exhaust gas treatment equipment. Engine developers and producers can also utilize alternative fuels (CNG, LPG, E85, biodiesel) as an energy source for vehicles, as well as transition to hybrid propulsion (combustion and electric motor) and introduction of fuel cells. The authors Vitázek et al. deal with gas emissions resulting from the combustion of biofuels in the environment [4, 5].

**2. Materials and methods**

*ZLi* = *EVPis*.

**2.1. Measured objects and measured devices**

**Figure 1.** Characteristics of eight-point cycle by ISO 8178–4, C1.

devices is shown in **Table 3** [20].

*clarity: ZL*<sup>i</sup>

gases (dry) kg.h−1; *t*

eighth point—0.15; *P*<sup>e</sup>

The measuring standard was an international standard used for non-road engines. According to International Organization for Standardization (ISO), this standard specifies the test cycles for the measurement and evaluation of gaseous and particulate exhaust emission from reciprocating internal combustion engines, and it is applicable to engines for mobile, transportable and stationary use [16–18]. Characteristics of 8-point cycle by ISO 8178–4, C1 are shown in **Figure 1** [20].

= *EVPiv*.

emission of exhaust gases (dry—s, moist—v) of compound i, as volume unit share, ppm; Mmi**—**minor mass of compound i, kg.kmol−1; *Mm*vps—minor mass of exhaust gases (dry), kg.kmol−1; *Mm*vpv—minor mass of exhaust gases (moist), kg.kmol−1; *t*vps—mass flow of exhaust

third points of measurements—0.15; for the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh points—0.1; for the

The technical description of both objects measured is specified in **Table 2** and of measured

*Mmi* .*<sup>t</sup>* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*vpv Mmvpv*.*Pe*

Measurement of Limited and Unlimited Emissions during Burning of Alternative Fuels…

vpv—mass flow of exhaust gases (moist), kg.h−1*.* For the first, second and

*—*concentration of contaminant linked with effective power, g.kW−1 h−1, *EVP*is,id*—*

, *g*.*kW*<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> *h*<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> (1)

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79705

69

The conversion of individual compounds of exhaust gases from ppm to g.kW−1 h−1:

*Mmi* .*<sup>t</sup>* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*vps Mmvps*.*Pe*

—effective power, kW.

Needed data for conversion from ppm to g.kW−1 h−1 are listed in **Table 1** [20].

With regard to the need for limiting air pollution by combustion engine exhaust gases, the maximum production of pollutants in exhaust gas emissions of all motor vehicles is legally limited. From a legislative point of view are limited emissions of CO, hydrocarbons, volatile organic HC compounds, suspended PM, and NOx oxides. Engine emissions contain hundreds of chemicals with different concentrations, the biological properties (impact on human health) of which have not been exactly determined to date. Combustion engines are responsible for more than 70% of global CO emissions production and 19% of global CO<sup>2</sup> emissions production [6]. In addition to the products of perfect combustion—i.e., CO<sup>2</sup> , H2 O, excess oxygen, excess nitrogen—which represent the majority of exhaust products, a wide range of other gases and solids may occur, which tend to receive greater attention: CO, noncombusted hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons), partially combusted hydrocarbon (aldehydes and ketones), degradation products (acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, soot), nitrogen oxides NOx (NO—nitrogen monoxide, N<sup>2</sup> O—dinitrogen monoxide, NO<sup>2</sup> —nitrogen dioxide) and solid particulate matter. It is evident from the operation of a compression ignition engine that the increase in smoke opacity leads to an increase in production of pollutants (CO and HC), the measuring of which is difficult in practice, however. It is therefore vital to observe the value of particulate emissions (PM, particulate matter), the measuring of which is much faster and technologically and economically simple, while simultaneously being sufficient for evaluation of technical condition. Compression ignition engines operate narrowly below the smoke opacity threshold during the maximum performance [7].

One of the ways to comply with the stricter emission regulations is to focus on and search for suitable alternative fuels, as suggested by Ulusoy et al. [8], stating that the main plausible alternative fuels used in car transport are ethanol, hydrogen and biodiesel. A large number of studies have shown that biodiesel could serve as an alternative for compression ignition engines, with small or even no requirements for their adjusting [9]. It was also proven that biodiesel has a great potential for decreasing the CO<sup>2</sup> , CO, THC (total hydro carbon) emissions and PM (particulate matter) emissions [10, 11]. In conclusion, alternative fuels and their mixtures with diesel fuel are still a subject of research, focusing primarily on reduction of emission arising from their combustion in engine, and also on the transformation of their heat into mechanical energy.

Agriculture is part of nature and the countryside. Ecological agriculture and environmental protection are the world's global interests [12, 13]. There are a lot of negatives on fossil fuels, on which our society is depending to a high degree. One of the most important disadvantages is fouling the air and causing greenhouse effect, which affects weather with regard to temperature [14, 15]. This work deals with a partial alternate use of diesel oil from a renewable fuel—rapeseed methyl ester (RME). An analysis based on limited and unlimited emission detection was performed.
