**Impacts**





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**6**:13-21

**Chapter 8**

Provisional chapter

**Effect of Binary Fuel Blends on Compression Ignition**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80566

Diversified research in alternate sources arises become necessity due to higher consumption of fossil fuels along with their adverse impacts on the environment, even to the point of complete elimination of diesel from compression-ignition (CI) engines. Binary fuel blend (a blend of low and high viscous fuel) is one of the best environmentally friendly alternative in CI engines. Blending of methyl ester with edible and nonedible oils in different volumetric ratios has the potency to give a stable mixture and that can be used as a fuel in diesel engines. The main motive for the blending of two fuels is that the inferior properties of one biofuel remunerate from improved properties of the other fuel considerably improves the physicochemical properties of the blend. The present study provides comprehensive information on the emission and performance characteristics of binary biodiesel-oil fuel blends. Most researchers had suggested optimum blends from their respective studies that support capability for complete elimination of diesel from CI engines. Some researchers have used this binary fuel blend with minor adjustments to the engine parameters. These investigations have provided positive results. The comprehensive review concluded that binary fuel approach has potential to completely eliminate

Keywords: binary fuel blends, emission profile, fossil fuel depletion, performance analysis

Demand of energy has been increased day by day due to the usage of nearly 600 million automobiles by 7 billion people throughout the world [1]. Today, the air contamination is also a severe concern as higher pollutants in today's environment are from internal combustion (IC)

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Effect of Binary Fuel Blends on Compression Ignition

**Engine Characteristics: A Review**

Engine Characteristics: A Review

Paramvir Singh, S.R. Chauhan and Varun Goel

Paramvir Singh, S.R. Chauhan and Varun Goel

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80566

Abstract

diesel from CI engines.

1. Introduction

#### **Effect of Binary Fuel Blends on Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics: A Review** Effect of Binary Fuel Blends on Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics: A Review

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80566

Paramvir Singh, S.R. Chauhan and Varun Goel Paramvir Singh, S.R. Chauhan and Varun Goel

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80566

#### Abstract

Diversified research in alternate sources arises become necessity due to higher consumption of fossil fuels along with their adverse impacts on the environment, even to the point of complete elimination of diesel from compression-ignition (CI) engines. Binary fuel blend (a blend of low and high viscous fuel) is one of the best environmentally friendly alternative in CI engines. Blending of methyl ester with edible and nonedible oils in different volumetric ratios has the potency to give a stable mixture and that can be used as a fuel in diesel engines. The main motive for the blending of two fuels is that the inferior properties of one biofuel remunerate from improved properties of the other fuel considerably improves the physicochemical properties of the blend. The present study provides comprehensive information on the emission and performance characteristics of binary biodiesel-oil fuel blends. Most researchers had suggested optimum blends from their respective studies that support capability for complete elimination of diesel from CI engines. Some researchers have used this binary fuel blend with minor adjustments to the engine parameters. These investigations have provided positive results. The comprehensive review concluded that binary fuel approach has potential to completely eliminate diesel from CI engines.

Keywords: binary fuel blends, emission profile, fossil fuel depletion, performance analysis

#### 1. Introduction

Demand of energy has been increased day by day due to the usage of nearly 600 million automobiles by 7 billion people throughout the world [1]. Today, the air contamination is also a severe concern as higher pollutants in today's environment are from internal combustion (IC)

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

engine tailpipe emissions. Hence, the automobile industries are emphasizing on cleaner transport systems that decrease the environmental pollution and provide at least the same efficiency as normal diesel fuel [2]. Also, the pressure of environmental monitoring authorities forces the automobile companies to diminish the greenhouse gas emissions from the vehicles. These ever-increasing energy demand, rapid depletion of crude oil, and environmental pollution have an emphasis on a new feasible source of energy known as biofuel (mainly biodiesel). The another reason for emphasis on alternate fuel which can be produced from readily accessible resources is that the countries which do not have sufficient resources of fossil fuel and import crude petroleum are facing foreign exchange problem or energy crisis. Therefore, the exploration is focused on numerous feedstocks (edible/nonedible oils along with its methyl esters (biodiesel)) as a probable source of fuel for automobile sector [3]. It is better to use methyl ester instead of fossil-based diesel fuel due to its various benefits, that is, availability, high lubricity, low sulfur contents, low aromatic compounds, environmentally friendly nature, the existence of a carbon dioxide (CO2) cycle in burning period, viability, and biodegradability [4–9]. In general, biodiesel is clean burning mono-alkyl ester-based oxygenated fuel derived from long chain fatty acids of edible and nonedible oil, animal fat, microalgae, etc. [10]. The main application of biodiesel is in diesel engines as a fuel had shown that it lowers GHG emissions with the acceptable engine performance [11]. This finally leads us to the study of diesel engine characteristics of biodiesels, since they are the single most important contender in the area of future fuels.

Broad research has been carried out with the aim of using biodiesel and its blends as a feedstock for diesel engine. In this concern, B20 (80% diesel and 20% biodiesel by volume) is found to be the most suitable blend without any modification to the engine hardware [12]. Some researchers had used biodiesel-diesel-alcohol blends for increasing the biodiesel contents in the blend and conveyed that blending of 25% biodiesel-5% alcohol and 70% diesel give better result in terms of emission and performance in diesel engines [13]. However, with the application of 20 and 25% biodegradable realm in diesel engine, it is not presumable to attain the fossil fuel nondependence energy sources. Furthermore, the sustainability as well as the environmental friendliness of these blends decreases as the percentage of fossil-based diesel fuel is more in the blend as compared to diesel. So, it is imperative to take a step toward the total replacement of diesel from CI engines. In this regard, some work has been done on biodiesel-alcohol, biodiesel-oil, and biodiesel-biodiesel blends. The different approaches of the researchers who are working in the area of alternate fuels for engine application with the aim of partial and complete elimination of diesel is tabulated in Table 1. The applicability of neat biodiesel in diesel engine is also too low as it affects the engine performance and its running life due to high viscosity. One of the best possible ways to achieve the above stated requirement is to use binary fuel (biodiesel-oil) blends which possess properties as per American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) specification for biodiesel. Using methyl ester (high viscous) in various proportions with nonedible oils (low viscous) have the ability to give a stable solution and feasible to completely replace diesel from CI engines [1]. The biodiesel can be a solubilizer and improve properties of the blend [14]. The major advantage of this binary fuel blend is that it can be used in CI engines without any major tweaking, and second, it

produces less harmful gases as emission to the environment. Another advantage of using binary biofuel is that it also decreases our dependency on fossil fuels without compromising with the efficiency of the engine. Also, the feedstock used in binary fuel approach is renewable

Partial elimination

Effect of Binary Fuel Blends on Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics: A Review

Complete elimination

Biodiesel + diesel blends

Biodiesel + alcohol blends

Neat biodiesel Biodiesel + oil blends Other mixed feedstock

Biodiesel + alcohol + diesel blends Biodiesel 1 + biodiesel 2 + diesel blends

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80566

125

The present study is to highlight the prospective of biodiesel with oil blend to be used as a feedstock for diesel engine in the automotive sector and can also make available effectively for the complete elimination of diesel from standing engine with these blends. This contributes to the constraints made by organizations like Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) toward the replacement of fossil fuel

in nature. The graphical representation of binary fuel approach is shown in Figure 1.

and finding an alternative that is environmental friendly and biodegradable.

Elimination of conventional fuel from diesel engines

Table 1. Overview of elimination of conventional fuel from CI engines.

Figure 1. Graphical representation of binary fuel approach.


Table 1. Overview of elimination of conventional fuel from CI engines.

engine tailpipe emissions. Hence, the automobile industries are emphasizing on cleaner transport systems that decrease the environmental pollution and provide at least the same efficiency as normal diesel fuel [2]. Also, the pressure of environmental monitoring authorities forces the automobile companies to diminish the greenhouse gas emissions from the vehicles. These ever-increasing energy demand, rapid depletion of crude oil, and environmental pollution have an emphasis on a new feasible source of energy known as biofuel (mainly biodiesel). The another reason for emphasis on alternate fuel which can be produced from readily accessible resources is that the countries which do not have sufficient resources of fossil fuel and import crude petroleum are facing foreign exchange problem or energy crisis. Therefore, the exploration is focused on numerous feedstocks (edible/nonedible oils along with its methyl esters (biodiesel)) as a probable source of fuel for automobile sector [3]. It is better to use methyl ester instead of fossil-based diesel fuel due to its various benefits, that is, availability, high lubricity, low sulfur contents, low aromatic compounds, environmentally friendly nature, the existence of a carbon dioxide (CO2) cycle in burning period, viability, and biodegradability [4–9]. In general, biodiesel is clean burning mono-alkyl ester-based oxygenated fuel derived from long chain fatty acids of edible and nonedible oil, animal fat, microalgae, etc. [10]. The main application of biodiesel is in diesel engines as a fuel had shown that it lowers GHG emissions with the acceptable engine performance [11]. This finally leads us to the study of diesel engine characteristics of biodiesels, since they are the single most important contender in

Broad research has been carried out with the aim of using biodiesel and its blends as a feedstock for diesel engine. In this concern, B20 (80% diesel and 20% biodiesel by volume) is found to be the most suitable blend without any modification to the engine hardware [12]. Some researchers had used biodiesel-diesel-alcohol blends for increasing the biodiesel contents in the blend and conveyed that blending of 25% biodiesel-5% alcohol and 70% diesel give better result in terms of emission and performance in diesel engines [13]. However, with the application of 20 and 25% biodegradable realm in diesel engine, it is not presumable to attain the fossil fuel nondependence energy sources. Furthermore, the sustainability as well as the environmental friendliness of these blends decreases as the percentage of fossil-based diesel fuel is more in the blend as compared to diesel. So, it is imperative to take a step toward the total replacement of diesel from CI engines. In this regard, some work has been done on biodiesel-alcohol, biodiesel-oil, and biodiesel-biodiesel blends. The different approaches of the researchers who are working in the area of alternate fuels for engine application with the aim of partial and complete elimination of diesel is tabulated in Table 1. The applicability of neat biodiesel in diesel engine is also too low as it affects the engine performance and its running life due to high viscosity. One of the best possible ways to achieve the above stated requirement is to use binary fuel (biodiesel-oil) blends which possess properties as per American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) specification for biodiesel. Using methyl ester (high viscous) in various proportions with nonedible oils (low viscous) have the ability to give a stable solution and feasible to completely replace diesel from CI engines [1]. The biodiesel can be a solubilizer and improve properties of the blend [14]. The major advantage of this binary fuel blend is that it can be used in CI engines without any major tweaking, and second, it

the area of future fuels.

124 Biofuels - Challenges and opportunities

Figure 1. Graphical representation of binary fuel approach.

produces less harmful gases as emission to the environment. Another advantage of using binary biofuel is that it also decreases our dependency on fossil fuels without compromising with the efficiency of the engine. Also, the feedstock used in binary fuel approach is renewable in nature. The graphical representation of binary fuel approach is shown in Figure 1.

The present study is to highlight the prospective of biodiesel with oil blend to be used as a feedstock for diesel engine in the automotive sector and can also make available effectively for the complete elimination of diesel from standing engine with these blends. This contributes to the constraints made by organizations like Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) toward the replacement of fossil fuel and finding an alternative that is environmental friendly and biodegradable.
