**2. Materials and methods**

with exhaust gas treatment equipment. Engine developers and producers can also utilize alternative fuels (CNG, LPG, E85, biodiesel) as an energy source for vehicles, as well as transition to hybrid propulsion (combustion and electric motor) and introduction of fuel cells. The authors Vitázek et al. deal with gas emissions resulting from the combustion of biofuels in the

With regard to the need for limiting air pollution by combustion engine exhaust gases, the maximum production of pollutants in exhaust gas emissions of all motor vehicles is legally limited. From a legislative point of view are limited emissions of CO, hydrocarbons, volatile organic HC compounds, suspended PM, and NOx oxides. Engine emissions contain hundreds of chemicals with different concentrations, the biological properties (impact on human health) of which have not been exactly determined to date. Combustion engines are responsible for more than 70% of global CO emissions production and 19% of global CO<sup>2</sup> emissions production [6]. In addition to the products of perfect combustion—i.e., CO<sup>2</sup>

excess oxygen, excess nitrogen—which represent the majority of exhaust products, a wide range of other gases and solids may occur, which tend to receive greater attention: CO, noncombusted hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons), partially combusted hydrocarbon (aldehydes and ketones), degradation products (acetylene, ethylene, hydro-

—nitrogen dioxide) and solid particulate matter. It is evident from the operation of a compression ignition engine that the increase in smoke opacity leads to an increase in production of pollutants (CO and HC), the measuring of which is difficult in practice, however. It is therefore vital to observe the value of particulate emissions (PM, particulate matter), the measuring of which is much faster and technologically and economically simple, while simultaneously being sufficient for evaluation of technical condition. Compression ignition engines operate narrowly below the smoke opacity threshold during the maximum

One of the ways to comply with the stricter emission regulations is to focus on and search for suitable alternative fuels, as suggested by Ulusoy et al. [8], stating that the main plausible alternative fuels used in car transport are ethanol, hydrogen and biodiesel. A large number of studies have shown that biodiesel could serve as an alternative for compression ignition engines, with small or even no requirements for their adjusting [9]. It was also proven that biodiesel has

ticulate matter) emissions [10, 11]. In conclusion, alternative fuels and their mixtures with diesel fuel are still a subject of research, focusing primarily on reduction of emission arising from their combustion in engine, and also on the transformation of their heat into mechanical energy.

Agriculture is part of nature and the countryside. Ecological agriculture and environmental protection are the world's global interests [12, 13]. There are a lot of negatives on fossil fuels, on which our society is depending to a high degree. One of the most important disadvantages is fouling the air and causing greenhouse effect, which affects weather with regard to temperature [14, 15]. This work deals with a partial alternate use of diesel oil from a renewable fuel—rapeseed methyl ester (RME). An analysis based on limited and unlimited emission

, CO, THC (total hydro carbon) emissions and PM (par-

gen, soot), nitrogen oxides NOx (NO—nitrogen monoxide, N<sup>2</sup>

, H2 O,

O—dinitrogen monoxide,

environment [4, 5].

68 Biofuels - Challenges and opportunities

NO<sup>2</sup>

performance [7].

a great potential for decreasing the CO<sup>2</sup>

detection was performed.

The measuring standard was an international standard used for non-road engines. According to International Organization for Standardization (ISO), this standard specifies the test cycles for the measurement and evaluation of gaseous and particulate exhaust emission from reciprocating internal combustion engines, and it is applicable to engines for mobile, transportable and stationary use [16–18]. Characteristics of 8-point cycle by ISO 8178–4, C1 are shown in **Figure 1** [20].

The conversion of individual compounds of exhaust gases from ppm to g.kW−1 h−1:

$$\text{ZL}\_{i} = \text{EVP}\_{i\text{-}M\overline{m}\_{\eta\text{v}}P\_{\epsilon}} = \text{EVP}\_{i\text{-}r} \frac{Mm\_{i}t\_{\eta\text{v}}}{Mm\_{\eta\text{v}}P\_{\epsilon}}g\,k\mathcal{W}^{-1}h^{-1} \tag{1}$$

*clarity: ZL*<sup>i</sup> *—*concentration of contaminant linked with effective power, g.kW−1 h−1, *EVP*is,id emission of exhaust gases (dry—s, moist—v) of compound i, as volume unit share, ppm; Mmi**—**minor mass of compound i, kg.kmol−1; *Mm*vps—minor mass of exhaust gases (dry), kg.kmol−1; *Mm*vpv—minor mass of exhaust gases (moist), kg.kmol−1; *t*vps—mass flow of exhaust gases (dry) kg.h−1; *t* vpv—mass flow of exhaust gases (moist), kg.h−1*.* For the first, second and third points of measurements—0.15; for the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh points—0.1; for the eighth point—0.15; *P*<sup>e</sup> —effective power, kW.

Needed data for conversion from ppm to g.kW−1 h−1 are listed in **Table 1** [20].

#### **2.1. Measured objects and measured devices**

The technical description of both objects measured is specified in **Table 2** and of measured devices is shown in **Table 3** [20].

**Figure 1.** Characteristics of eight-point cycle by ISO 8178–4, C1.


**Table 1.** Needed data for conversion from ppm to g.kW−1 h−1.


**Table 2.** Technical data of the tractors.


Code2 test. Measure points were set at 1000 min−1 of PTO revolutions. Based on results curve at full load, the calculation of measure points for emission measurement was processed. These measure points comply with the ISO 8178–4 standard. According to this standard, each measure point lasts for 10 min. Emission test system AVL-SESAMFTIR uses two methods of calculation—diesel and biodiesel. These are set according to the fuel used. The value of smokiness

**Figure 2.** View of test equipment (Müllerová, Landis, Schiess: Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART

Measurement of CO, HC, NOx and particulate emissions on both tractors were done accord-

was made by pattern (1) using the values from **Table 1**. In **Table 4**, there are figured standard deviations from three repetitions. The graphic description of limited emission is represented

Based on measured values of limited emission, average value by the next pattern was

*xi* <sup>=</sup> \_\_1


Measurement of Limited and Unlimited Emissions during Burning of Alternative Fuels…

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79705

71

*<sup>n</sup>* (2)

is evaluated at 95% and 70% nominal evolutions and at maximal torque.

**3.2. Measurements of limited emission**

• the average value of sign in a subgroup [19]:

¯

*clarity*: *i = 1,2,...., k* and *j = 1,2,....n.*

ing to ISO 8178-4, C<sup>1</sup>

in **Figures 6**–**11**.

and SUA in Nitra).

calculated:

**Table 3.** Used measured devices.
