2. Performance analysis and emission profile of binary fuel blends

Blending of biodiesel with low viscous oil has a potential to completely replace diesel from the CI engine, and some work was already done on this type of blending.

Devan and Mahalakshmi [14] had used paradise oil methyl ester (PME) blends with eucalyptus (EU) oil in the proportion of 20, 30, 40 and 50% on a volume basis. Outcome revealed that 50% blend of PME and 50% EU is an optimum blend. The authors found that this blend shows a significant reduction in unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke opacity at all load conditions. But, there is some increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) observed. Although the enhancement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), 2.4% at full load condition and decrement in most of the tailpipe emissions overshadow the slight increase in NOx. Vallinayagam et al. [15] had also assessed diesel engine characteristics fuelled with biodiesel oil blends. They had used blends of kapok methyl ester (KME), that is, high viscous and pine oil (low viscous) in the proportion of 25, 50, and 75% on the volume basis in single cylinder 4 stroke water cooled CI engine. Results revealed that 50% KME and 50% pine oil blend on volume basis (KME50P50) shows optimum result for engine performance and emission. With this blend as a fuel in diesel engine, they found 12.5, 18.9, and 8.1% decrement in CO, smoke, and HC emissions as compared to diesel, respectively. Results revealed that exhaust gas temperature (EGT) also reduced minimally at all the load conditions. And NOx emissions were found in line with diesel. They also found the performance of KME50P50 similar to conventional diesel fuel at high load condition perhaps its slight lower than diesel at low load conditions. Sharma and Murugan [16] had investigated Jatropha oil biodiesel with tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) in composition as a fuel. They were found out that 80% Jatropha biodiesel-20% tyre pyrolysis oil blend provides better result in terms of performance and emissions and stated it as an optimum blend. Dubey and Gupta [17] had also used Jatropha methyl ester. They investigated diesel engine characteristics with Jatropha methyl ester blend and turpentine oil blends, that is, JB90TO10, JB70TO30, and JB50TO50. JB50TO50 shows improved results as compared to other tested blends. At full load condition, tailpipe emissions, that is, HC, CO, smoke, and NOx were found to be 42.5, 4.56, 29.16, and 4.72%, respectively, lower than conventional diesel although CO2 emissions rises by 10.5%. Singh et al. [1] had used Amla seed oil biodiesel (AB) and EU in the various proportions of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5 by volume. They concluded that among all the tested blends, AB70EU30 is optimum blend as it gives better results in terms of combustion, performance, and emission characteristics. AB70EU30 shows better results in terms of emissions and comparable performance as diesel at high load conditions.

All the authors used biodiesel-oil blends as a feedstock for diesel engine. They maximally found that the emissions decrease drastically with the use of biodiesel-oil blends, and one of the optimum blends from the tested blends has better combustion and emission characteristics. The effect on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine with different binary fuel blends is due to variable properties of the fuels. The properties of the fuel used and their binary fuel blends are given in Table 2. The effect of operating conditions on performance and emission characteristics of different binary fuel blends is shown in Table 3, and the optimum blends suggested by the authors is tabulated in Table 4.

Properties

 Density @40C

Kinematic viscosity @

Conradson

Fire

Flash

Pour

Heating

Sulfur

Saponification

Iodine

Distillation

Cetane

Ref.

number

value

recovery

@90% min

point

point (C)

point (C)

value

wt%

value

(kJ/kg)

(

C)

carbon residue

40C in CST

in kg/m3

Fuels

IS 1460–

Nil

2.0–7.5

0.20

—

38 min

 6 max

—

1.00

—

 —

366C

 42

 [14]

max

1974

Diesel

PME

EU PME20EU80

PME30EU70

PME40EU60

PME50EU50

KME

Pine oil KME25P75

KME50P50

KME75P25

JB TPO

JB90TPO10

JB80TPO20

JB70TPO30

JB60TPO40

JB50TPO50

AB TO JB50TO50

JB70TO30

JB90TO10

Table 2.

Properties of the fuels and binary fuel blends.

 0.885

4.12

 0.892

4.08

 0.900

4.01

0.920

4.12

—

—

—

—

 ——

 ——

 ——

 —

 —

 —

39,990

——

40,480

——

41,950

——

 —

38

23

 44,400

——

0.884

—

 0.897

5.15

 0.894

5.29

 0.892

5.41

 0.887

5.60

 0.883

5.73

 0.920

5.4

0.880

5.65

 0.875

4.4

 0.875

3.3

 0.875

 0.8751

 1.3 2.3

—

—

—

—

0.5

—

—

—

—

—

—

0.04

—

152

0.5

 40,100

——

59

 44

—

33,890

——

64

 49

—

35,120

——

69

 55

—

36,400

——

73

 60

—

37,740

——

78

 64

—

39,240

——

50

 43

—

39,200

——

 —

130

170

—

38,450

——

—

37,920

 <0.005 —

 —

104

—

39,546

 <0.005 —

 —

78

—

41,173

 <0.005 —

 —

52

—

42,800

 <0.005 —

 0.875

 0.8852

 3.8 5.4

 0.8874

 3.44

 0.8894

 3.08

 0.8914

 2.72

0.8955

 2.0

 0.8752

 5.4

 0.84

3–4

—

0.18 1.90

—

—

—

—

 ——

—

156

—

36,292

 <0.005 —

 ——

 ——

 ——

 —

 —

 —

 —

41,778

——

42,076

——

42,374

——

42,673

——

—

54

5

 43,270

——

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 ——

 ——

 ——

 ——

 ——

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

127

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

38

 [17]

[1]

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80566

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

Effect of Binary Fuel Blends on Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics: A Review

 —

 —

 —

50–55

 [16]

 —

 —

54

11

22

33

43

 [15]

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

150

 141.2

 2

 40,285

 0.13

 191.5

 —

74

23

 42,700

——

 —

46

 369

51

 —

40–55


2. Performance analysis and emission profile of binary fuel blends

CI engine, and some work was already done on this type of blending.

126 Biofuels - Challenges and opportunities

Blending of biodiesel with low viscous oil has a potential to completely replace diesel from the

Devan and Mahalakshmi [14] had used paradise oil methyl ester (PME) blends with eucalyptus (EU) oil in the proportion of 20, 30, 40 and 50% on a volume basis. Outcome revealed that 50% blend of PME and 50% EU is an optimum blend. The authors found that this blend shows a significant reduction in unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke opacity at all load conditions. But, there is some increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) observed. Although the enhancement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), 2.4% at full load condition and decrement in most of the tailpipe emissions overshadow the slight increase in NOx. Vallinayagam et al. [15] had also assessed diesel engine characteristics fuelled with biodiesel oil blends. They had used blends of kapok methyl ester (KME), that is, high viscous and pine oil (low viscous) in the proportion of 25, 50, and 75% on the volume basis in single cylinder 4 stroke water cooled CI engine. Results revealed that 50% KME and 50% pine oil blend on volume basis (KME50P50) shows optimum result for engine performance and emission. With this blend as a fuel in diesel engine, they found 12.5, 18.9, and 8.1% decrement in CO, smoke, and HC emissions as compared to diesel, respectively. Results revealed that exhaust gas temperature (EGT) also reduced minimally at all the load conditions. And NOx emissions were found in line with diesel. They also found the performance of KME50P50 similar to conventional diesel fuel at high load condition perhaps its slight lower than diesel at low load conditions. Sharma and Murugan [16] had investigated Jatropha oil biodiesel with tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) in composition as a fuel. They were found out that 80% Jatropha biodiesel-20% tyre pyrolysis oil blend provides better result in terms of performance and emissions and stated it as an optimum blend. Dubey and Gupta [17] had also used Jatropha methyl ester. They investigated diesel engine characteristics with Jatropha methyl ester blend and turpentine oil blends, that is, JB90TO10, JB70TO30, and JB50TO50. JB50TO50 shows improved results as compared to other tested blends. At full load condition, tailpipe emissions, that is, HC, CO, smoke, and NOx were found to be 42.5, 4.56, 29.16, and 4.72%, respectively, lower than conventional diesel although CO2 emissions rises by 10.5%. Singh et al. [1] had used Amla seed oil biodiesel (AB) and EU in the various proportions of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5 by volume. They concluded that among all the tested blends, AB70EU30 is optimum blend as it gives better results in terms of combustion, performance, and emission characteristics. AB70EU30 shows better results in terms of emissions and comparable performance as diesel at high load conditions.

All the authors used biodiesel-oil blends as a feedstock for diesel engine. They maximally found that the emissions decrease drastically with the use of biodiesel-oil blends, and one of the optimum blends from the tested blends has better combustion and emission characteristics. The effect on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine with different binary fuel blends is due to variable properties of the fuels. The properties of the fuel used and their binary fuel blends are given in Table 2. The effect of operating conditions on performance and emission characteristics of different binary fuel blends is shown in Table 3, and the optimum

blends suggested by the authors is tabulated in Table 4.

Table 2. Properties of the fuels and binary fuel

 blends.


Fuel blends

Base

Engine

Operating conditions

 Performance BSEC BSFC BTE

—

Emissions

HC

NOX

CO

CO2

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Effect of Binary Fuel Blends on Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics: A Review

—

—

—

—

—

129

[1]

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80566

[17]

Smoke

 EGT

 Ref.

used

JB80TPO20 JB70TPO30 JB60TPO40 JB50TPO50

JB100

 Diesel Single cylinder,

Constant speed and

—

> different load

conditions (no load,

DI, water

cooled, naturally aspirated engine

> JB50T50

JB70T30 JB90T10

AB100

 Diesel Single cylinder,

Constant speed and

—

> variable load

DI, water

cooled, naturally aspirated engine

—

—

—

AB90EU10 AB80EU20 AB70EU30

35%, 65% and full

—

—

—

load)

—

—

—

fuel

Effect of Binary Fuel Blends on Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics: A Review http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80566 129


Fuel blends

Base

Engine

Operating conditions

 Performance BSEC BSFC BTE

—

—

—

—

Emissions

HC

NOX

CO

CO2

—

—

—

—

Smoke

 EGT

 Ref.

[14]

128 Biofuels - Challenges and opportunities

used

PME20EU80

 Diesel 1 cylinder 4stroke air cooled

At a constant speed of

1500 rpm and

different loads

diesel engine

PME30EU70

PME40EU60

PME50EU50

KME100

 Diesel Single cylinder,

Constant speed of

—

—

—

 —

—

[15]

1500 rpm and

different loads —

—

—

—

—

—

—

[16]

—

—

—

4 stroke, DI

diesel engines

KME25P75

KME50P50

KME75P25

JB100

 Diesel Single cylinder,

Constant speed of

—

—

1500 rpm and

different loads

4 stroke, air

cooled DI diesel

engines

JB90TPO10

fuel


Table 3. Performance and emission characteristics of dual biofuels. 3. Effect of minor modification on performance of optimum binary fuel

Vallinaygam et al.

Sharma and Murugan [16]

Effect of Binary Fuel Blends on Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics: A Review

PME50EU50 KME50P50 JB80TPO20 JB50TO50 AB70EU30

Dubey and Gupta

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80566

Singh et al. [1]

131

[17]

[15]

Table 4. Optimum blend that have capability to completely eliminate diesel from CI engines.

The most important parameter is the air-fuel mixing that affects the performance of biodiesel and its blends. A way to improve the air-fuel mixing is to alter the engine parameters. In this regard, some researchers have used this binary fuel blend with minor adjustments to the

There is very less literature available with biodiesel-oil blend as a feedstock in a diesel engine with minor tweaking. Authors [18–21] had performed experiments to study the behavior of a diesel engine running on the optimum binary fuel blends at varying compression ratio (CR),

CR has been altered without changing the geometry of combustion chamber with the provision of arrangement provided in variable compression engine [21]. In a simple diesel engine, CR of the engine has been changed by altering the clearance volume, by the replacement of gaskets of variable thickness in between the cylinder and the cylinder head. The fuel injection strategy is an important parameter in diesel engines to optimize the combustion, performance, and tailpipe emissions. Three IP values were used for experimentation, that is, 180, 210, and 240 bar. IP was adjusted by regulating spring tension of needle provided in injector. Injection timing was adjusted on three different values of 20, 23, and 26 bTDC by introducing required shims at the position between the fuel pump and engine. To advance the fuel IT, the shims under the pump were removed, and to retard additional shims were introduced under fuel injection pump. At standard IT, the number of shims placed under the pump was three. The thickness of the each shim is 0.3 mm and removing one shim advanced IT about 1.5CA IT and

CR is the most valuable factors for diesel engine operation because of its high anti-knocking property. Sharma and Murugan [18] had altered the CR and compared the results of optimum Jatropha biodiesel-tyre pyrolysis oil blend. They operated the engine with diesel as a fuel at original condition and JB50TPO50 blend at altered CR conditions. They found that BTE improves unrelatedly of the engine load at higher CR. The consumption of energy at higher CR reduces at higher CR as compared to the original conditions. This may be due to the reason of better fuel spray characteristics and improved air-fuel mixing at higher CR. As compared to original CR conditions, the tailpipe emissions, that is, CO and HC to the environment from diesel engine exhaust fueled with biodiesel oil blends reduces. Smoke opacity also reduces as

blend

Authors (Ref.)

Optimum blend

Devan and Mahalakshmi [14]

engine parameters.

injection timing (IT), and injection pressure (IP).

introducing a shim retard the timing by 1.5CA.


Table 4. Optimum blend that have capability to completely eliminate diesel from CI engines.
