**Author details**

Michael Aide

Address all correspondence to: mtaide@semo.edu

Southeast Missouri State University, USA

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Future research needs include; (i) understanding of the REE-microbiological interactions, especially in the rhizosphere, (ii) are the REE elements plant essential elements or growth promoting entities, (iii) more complex models (along with thermodynamic data) to better simulate the soil environment, and (iv) anticipate REE impacts to the soil environment because of

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**8. Future research needs**

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Address all correspondence to: mtaide@semo.edu

Southeast Missouri State University, USA

Society of America; 1989

Ce(III) oxidation by δ-MnO<sup>2</sup>

DOI: 10.5402/2012/783876

**Author details**

Michael Aide

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**Chapter 5**

**Provisional chapter**

**Lanthanides in Soils of the Cherepovets Steel Mill**

**Lanthanides in Soils of the Cherepovets Steel Mill**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80294

Content of forms of the lanthanides in soddy-calcareous soils at a different distance from the Cherepovets steel mill (Vologda region, Russia) has been studied. In soils near the steel mill, an increased content of Pr and Tb was found, while the content of other light lanthanides (from La to Gd inclusive) is less increased. In addition to increasing of the total content, technogenic pollution leads to increasing the amount and the degree of extraction of acid-soluble forms of the lanthanides from soils. About 80–95% of Ln is located in the residual fraction strongly bound to aluminosilicates. As a result of the processes in the soil, 5–18% of the total content of lanthanides is bound to organic matter and 0.1–5% to Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides. The lanthanides' individual properties are manifested in this interaction: medium lanthanides are mostly bound to organic matter

**Keywords:** soddy-calcareous soils, soil pollution, lanthanides, forms of compounds,

The lanthanides (Ln) comprise a group of 15 elements of which only 1, promethium (Pm), does not occur naturally in the Earth's crust. The lanthanides are placed in the sixth period of the periodic table, the secondary subgroup of the third group. Together with scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y), the lanthanides are commonly referred to as the rare-earth elements (REE). Due to their special chemical properties, content and peculiarities of accumulation in soils, and the use of methods of determination in natural objects, the lanthanides are usually

The use of REE in industry, and as a consequence, contamination of the biosphere, has become noticeable only in recent decades, which is related to the development of new technologies

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Dmitry V. Ladonin

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Dmitry V. Ladonin

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

and whole heavy lanthanides to Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides.

considered as a group of elements isolated from other TM.

sequential fractionation, soil organic matter, Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80294

#### **Lanthanides in Soils of the Cherepovets Steel Mill Lanthanides in Soils of the Cherepovets Steel Mill**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80294

#### Dmitry V. Ladonin Dmitry V. Ladonin

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80294

**Abstract**

Content of forms of the lanthanides in soddy-calcareous soils at a different distance from the Cherepovets steel mill (Vologda region, Russia) has been studied. In soils near the steel mill, an increased content of Pr and Tb was found, while the content of other light lanthanides (from La to Gd inclusive) is less increased. In addition to increasing of the total content, technogenic pollution leads to increasing the amount and the degree of extraction of acid-soluble forms of the lanthanides from soils. About 80–95% of Ln is located in the residual fraction strongly bound to aluminosilicates. As a result of the processes in the soil, 5–18% of the total content of lanthanides is bound to organic matter and 0.1–5% to Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides. The lanthanides' individual properties are manifested in this interaction: medium lanthanides are mostly bound to organic matter and whole heavy lanthanides to Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides.

**Keywords:** soddy-calcareous soils, soil pollution, lanthanides, forms of compounds, sequential fractionation, soil organic matter, Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides

#### **1. Introduction**

The lanthanides (Ln) comprise a group of 15 elements of which only 1, promethium (Pm), does not occur naturally in the Earth's crust. The lanthanides are placed in the sixth period of the periodic table, the secondary subgroup of the third group. Together with scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y), the lanthanides are commonly referred to as the rare-earth elements (REE). Due to their special chemical properties, content and peculiarities of accumulation in soils, and the use of methods of determination in natural objects, the lanthanides are usually considered as a group of elements isolated from other TM.

The use of REE in industry, and as a consequence, contamination of the biosphere, has become noticeable only in recent decades, which is related to the development of new technologies

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and materials on their basis [1, 2]. The lanthanides are generally considered to be of low toxicity for living organisms. Moreover, the efficiency of lanthanide-containing fertilizers, widely used in agriculture in China, is proved [3]. However, environmental risks related to changes in the lanthanide content, mobility, and proportions in soils, caused by enhanced technogenic pollution of soils, are still unknown.

Investigations of lanthanide adsorption by various soil components showed the dependence of the amount of absorbed element on the ionic strength of the solution. In addition, under adsorption from solutions with high ionic strength, the amount of absorbed element increases with increasing atomic number of the element, corresponding to a change in ionic radii. This

Lanthanides in Soils of the Cherepovets Steel Mill http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80294 69

It can be assumed that the differences in individual chemical properties of lanthanides will have a great effect on formation of their compounds in soils, both in background conditions

The average content of lanthanides in different rocks depends on their origin and is described in detail in [17]. The most rich in lanthanides are acid magmatic and clay sedimentary rocks. Another specific distribution feature of the lanthanides in the Earth crust and its individual components is the "sawtoothness" of the graphs, where the atomic number is plotted on x-axis and its content on y-axis (so-called geochemical spectra) (**Figure 1**). This kind of graphs clearly demonstrates one of the basic rules of geochemistry: the Oddo-Harkins rule states that an element with an even atomic number is more abundant than adjacent elements with odd atomic

Differences in the abundance of even and odd elements, as well as significantly higher abundance of light lanthanides, make difficult to compare characteristics of their behavior and location in natural objects, including soils. To exclude the influence of these differences, in geochemistry, it was suggested to normalize the content of elements in the studied objects to

Data on the content of lanthanides in geological rocks are usually to be normalized on composition of chondrites or shales [17–24]. However, chondrites are not suitable for studying

**Figure 1.** Total content of the lanthanides in the surface horizons of soils in the CSM impact zone, mg/kg.

regularity is absent in adsorption from solutions with low ionic strength [13, 16].

and under technogenic pollution [10–12].

their content in standard objects.

lanthanides in soils of different compositions and origins.

numbers.

Objective: to study the lanthanides in soils under anthropogenic impact of the Cherepovets steel mill (CSM), Vologda region, Russia

Tasks: (1). To study the total and acid-soluble form content of the lanthanides in soils. (2). To study the forms of the lanthanide compounds in soils using the sequential fractionation
