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## Meet the editors

Dr. Makiko Kondo obtained Bachelor of Education and Registered Nurse degrees from Tokushima University in 1989, a Master of Science in Nursing from Chiba University in 2000, and a Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing from Osaka Prefecture University in 2007. Currently, she is Professor at Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Japan. She teaches doctoral, master's, and undergraduate courses. Her field of expertise is

qualitative studies. Her research themes involve care for dying parents and their young children, nurses' grief care, conceptualization of clinical nursing competency, medical ethics, and life review of a Hansen's disease survivor who had experienced an extreme state.

Bala Nikku, PhD, hails from an agricultural family in India. He joined Thompson Rivers University School of Social Work and Human Service as an assistant professor in 2018. He served as a teaching fellow of the Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (CELT) and co-chair of the Human Rights Committee of the TRU faculty association. Dr. Nikku served in academia and grassroot social work practice in India, Nepal, Malaysia, and held

adjunct positions in the United Kingdom and Thailand. He served as founding director of the Nepal School of Social Work (2005–2011). Dr. Nikku received his PhD from the Wageningen University in 2006 and was awarded with a COFUND Senior Research Fellowship at Durham University, UK, in 2015. He served on the executive boards of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) and the Asian and Pacific Association of Social Work Education (APASWE). His research interests include green social work, wildfire disasters, pandemics, international social work, comparative social policy, and university community engagement. Dr Nikku currently serves as a member of the editorial advisory boards of *International Social Work Journal* and *Practice: Social Work in Action*. He is also associate editor of *Social Work Education: The International Journal*.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

*by Noriko Okabe*

to the Prison System

*by Michael Fitzgerald*

*and Vanda Franco Simão*

Empathy: Autism and Psychopathy

**Section 3**

Critical Thinking in Social Work Training

Disease Survivors Sharing Their Life Review

*Maki Iwamoto and Masako Hosohara*

*by Helena Belchior-Rocha and Inês Casquilho-Martins*

The Moment of Establishing Transpersonal Caring in a Grieving Adolescent Daughter beside Her Mother's Deathbed and Hansen's

*by Makiko Kondo, Sachie Okanishi, Etsuko Arai, Kumiko Morita,* 

Emotional Labor in the Airlines: Relation between Psychological

Prevention of Deviant Pathways and Rehabilitation from Criminal Activities: Social School by "O Companheiro" Providing an Alternative

*by José de Almeida Brites, Américo Baptista, Catarina Abrantes* 

Contract Violation, Job Satisfaction, and Empathy

**Preface XI**

Socialization and Empathy **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 19**

Burden by Empathy **43**

**Chapter 3 45**

Psychopathology and Empathy **61**

**Chapter 4 63**

**Chapter 5 73**

## Contents


Preface

As we are writing this in April 2020, the world is exposed to threats of the COVID-19 pandemic, and countries all across the world are suffering enormous damage. We want to express condolences to the deceased and their families, sympathy for patients battling COVID-19, appreciation for medical staff, administrative officers, and persons sustaining lifelines, thanks to citizens cooperating with the containment of COVID-19, and reassurance and courage for persons feeling anxiety and

Some cities have locked down and citizens are required to practice social distancing in order to prevent further spread of the virus. Therefore, once-vibrant cities have changed into quiet and empty ones in the course of just a few weeks or months. We citizens are deprived of our mundane everyday activities like meeting with friends, going out to eat, enjoying music concerts, watching sports, and commuting to

Although we are far apart, we have found ways to engage in acts of unity, for example clapping or lighting candles at the same time in order to thank medical staff on the frontlines of this pandemic. These actions express empathy stemming

Empathy is explained by Hiraki, a counselor following the client-centered approach of therapy put forth by Carl Ransom Rogers, as the counselor's ability to get into the client's phenomenological world and experience it as if it is one's own without losing the "as if" quality of it. The "as if" quality means that the counselor puts aside how they feel and accepts the client's thoughts and feelings without evaluating. While accepting the client as they are, counselors must not be implicated. Not having the "as if" quality is a sign of being self-centered and not possessing true empathy.

Empathy is a significant skill for caregivers in order to help people in distress to heal. Sitting beside and listening closely to the person, hugging, touching, and stroking them in order to express empathy for their sadness sometimes has a healing effect on them. In other words, reducing social distance promotes empathy between the caregiver and the recipient of care, and helps the recipient heal. However, in the world changed by COVID-19, we cannot rely on reducing social distance to express empathy. Therefore, we must consider different ways to express empathic attitudes and deliberate on how to foster empathy while maintaining social distance. Empathy is more urgently needed in times of emergency than in peacetime, to confront difficulties in unity and to heal hurt people. Even national leaders need to possess empathy in addition to strong leadership qualities, so that they can imagine

*Empathy Study* is a sequel to *Empathy: An Evidence-based Interdisciplinary Perspective.*  Chapters in this book cover topics such as transpersonal caring, learning to be empathic in social school, autism and psychopathy, emotional labor, and critical thinking in social work training. The main theme of empathy is developed and discussed according to various perspectives. We hope that this book helps readers

the suffering of the people as if it is happening to themselves.

fear of infection.

school or work using public transportation.

from togetherness and shared suffering.
