**9. References**


A whole body scan obtained with the administration of a diagnostic or therapeutic dose of radioiodine has a definite role in the management of patients with well differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy. Accurate interpretation of the scan requires a thorough knowledge and understanding of potential confounding factors for uptakes on the scan, and recognition of the variable causes of false positive uptake will provide correct prognostic inferences and prevent inappropriate therapeutic interventions. In addition, the cause of radioiodine uptake on the scan is always evaluated in conjunction with the serum thyroglobulin level and the clinico-radiological results in order to lessen the chance of an

This chapter was written to make readers consider a broad variety of diseases as the causes of the uptake on the radioiodine whole body scan and I have demonstrated a wide variety

The author thanks Doctor Do-Hoon Kim for gathering the radioiodine whole body images.

Ahad, F. and S. A. Ganie (2010). "Iodine, Iodine metabolism and Iodine deficiency disorders

Ahn, B. C., S. W. Lee, et al. (2011). "Pulmonary Aspergilloma Mimicking Metastasis from

Amin, N. P., R. Junco, et al. "A short-term diet to Prepare for radioactive Iodine treatment or

Bakheet, S. M., M. M. Hammami, et al. (1996). "False-positive radioiodine uptake in the

Bakheet, S. M., M. M. Hammami, et al. (2000). "Radioiodine uptake in the head and neck."

Baril, P., P. Martin-Duque, et al. (2010). "Visualization of gene expression in the live subject

Carlisle, M. R., C. Lu, et al. (2003). "The interpretation of 131I scans in the evaluation of

Dai, G., O. Levy, et al. (1996). "Cloning and characterization of the thyroid iodide

Geerlings, J. A., A. van Zuijlen, et al. "The value of I-131 SPECT in the detection of recurrent

Hays, M. T. (1993). "Colonic excretion of iodide in normal human subjects." Thyroid 3(1): 31-5.

differentiated thyroid cancer." Nucl Med Commun 31(5): 417-22. Hall, J. E. (2011). Textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier.

scan." from http://www.entrustmd.com/low-iodine-diet-entrust-medical-group-

abdomen and the pelvis: radioiodine retention in the kidneys and review of the

using the Na/I symporter as a reporter gene: applications in biotherapy." Br J

thyroid cancer, with an emphasis on false positive findings." Nucl Med Commun

**7. Conclusion** 

incorrect conclusion about the uptakes.

**8. Acknowledgment** 

orange-ca.html.

24(6): 715-35.

Endocr Pract 6(1): 37-41.

Pharmacol 159(4): 761-71.

**9. References** 

of causes of false positive uptakes on these scans.

revisited." Indian J Endocrinol Metab 14(1): 13-7.

Papillary Thyroid Cancer." Thyroid 21(5): 555-8.

literature." Clin Nucl Med 21(12): 932-7.

transporter." Nature 379(6564): 458-60.


**Internal Radiation Dosimetry:** 

Ernesto Amato, Alfredo Campennì, Astrid Herberg,

*University of Messina, Department of Radiological Sciences,* 

Internal radiation dosimetry has a fundamental and growing role in planning nuclear

The principle of nuclear medicine therapy is to destroy pathologic tissues through the irradiation with the ionizing radiation emitted by properly chosen radionuclides, while preserving other organs and tissues from unnecessary exposure to the same radiation. In order to realize this result, proper pharmaceuticals are chosen with a biodistribution targeted on target tissues, and labelled with a suitably chosen radionuclide. The choice of the best radionuclide is carried on with the aim of maximizing radiation energy deposition in the target tissue during the desired treatment time. Beta-emitters are the best choice in most cases, because beta radiation has a mean range in tissue from few millimetres to few centimetres.

The absorbed dose to the target tissues as well as to other organs and tissues depends from the biokinetics of the radiopharmaceutical and from the physical decay scheme of the radionuclide employed. While the physical properties of each nuclide are well known from experimental data, the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical within the patient's body depends on the dynamic biologic pathway that in turns is governed by the role of the molecule, by the characteristics of the patient, by the type and stage of the disease, and by

The distribution of radioactivity within the human body must be sampled several times post-administration, by means of planar or tomographic (SPECT or PET) imaging techniques. Tomographic techniques are rapidly substituting planar whole body imaging, since, thanks also to the accurate attenuation correction and image co-registration brought by a simultaneous CT scan, they reach a spatial resolution and an accuracy in activity

After a general introduction on dosimetric quantities and their relationships, we focus on the dosimetric anthropomorphic models. We introduce also 3D techniques based on voxel dose factors, convolution of dose point-kernels and direct Monte Carlo computation, focusing on the contribution of Monte Carlo simulation to the development of new and

more accurate dosimetric and microdosimetric models for internal dosimetry.

Also used are alpha- and Auger-emitters, for millimetre and sub-millimetre ranges.

**1. Introduction** 

medicine therapies with radionuclides.

the route of administration.

quantification unprecedented.

**Models and Applications** 

Fabio Minutoli and Sergio Baldari

*Nuclear Medicine Unit,* 

*Italy* 

Zimmermann, M. B. and C. M. Crill "Iodine in enteral and parenteral nutrition." Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 24(1): 143-58. **2** 
