**8. References**



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laboratories, equipment producers, nuclear medicine units.

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Sahagia, M., Wätjen, A. C., Luca, A., Ivan, C., Antohe, A. (2010b) National and international

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Terlikowska, T., Hainos, D., Cassette, P., Radoszewski, T. (2000) Application of α/β

Bureau International des Poids et Mesurements, Sèvres, France

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*and Methods,* Vol 152, pp 505-519, ISSN 0168-9002

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*Physics.* Vol 55, pp 733-740, ISSN 1221-146

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the coincidence method and practical applications. *Applied Radiations and Isotopes,*

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and its validation; electrometric system improvement. *Applied Radiations and* 

comparisons on radiopharmaceuticals' activity measurement. *Romanian Journal of* 

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Preparation and standardization of a 153SmCl3 radiopharmaceutical solution. *International Conference "High Precision Atomic & Nuclear Methods", HIPAN02*,


**7** 

*Iran* 

**Breast Cancer: Radioimmunoscintigraphy** 

Breast cancer is one of the most common diseases and a major public health problem in the world today. It is responsible for 32% of all cancers and 15% of cancer deaths in women (Dirisamer et al., 2010). Advances in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer have led to decline in mortality. However, just about 60% of patients can now be cured by initial treatments, but the rest, in spite of receiving palliation with currently available therapy methods die. Therefore, tremendous amounts of time and efforts are dedicated to search toward earlier detection and more efficient treatment of this disease. Advances in molecular cancer biology achieved an increased understanding of the biologic factors that contribute to breast cancer pathogenesis and progression. This understanding has already led to both early diagnosis and more effective treatment. Among different imaging and therapy contribution modalities, nuclear medicine provides an important role to the clinical management of breast cancer. In this chapter, we highlight the uses, advantages, limitations and possible improvements of radioimmunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy

techniques as targeted molecular imaging and therapy methods, respectively.

Breast cancer is currently the most common cancer in females and the second highest cause of cancer death in female population of the world. The majority of breast cancer deaths are due to metastasis (Costelloe et al., 2009). If breast cancer is detected prior to metastatic spread, it has considerably better prognosis than the cancer that has already spread. Therefore, the detection of cancer in an early stage is a major factor in the reduction of patient mortality and leading to less cancer costs and more successful treatments. The management of patients with a suspicious lesion includes confirming the diagnosis, identifying the stage of disease and choosing an appropriate treatment for each individual patient. Identifying the stage of a disease in any patient is a crucial step, because it determines the type of treatment that is appropriate for that particular person. Also, it is necessary to follow patients that need therapeutic procedures to assess their response to the treatment. There are a number of methods available for the detection of breast cancer. This section briefly points out some difficulties that encounter with these conventional imaging

**1. Introduction** 

**2. Diagnosis of breast cancer** 

**and Radioimmunotherapy** 

*Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Zanjan Branch,* 

Mojtaba Salouti and Zahra Heidari

*Islamic Azad University, Zanjan,* 

medical solutions. *Applied Radiations and Isotopes,* Vol 52, pp 627-632, ISBN 0969- 8043

