**1. Introductions**

22 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

286 12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine

J. Asenjo, J. F.-V. & Sánchez-Reyes, A. (2002). Characterization of a high-dose-rate 90sr-90y

J. Sempau, A. Sánchez-Reyes, F. S. H. O. b. T. S. J. & Fernández-Varea, J. (2001). Monte carlo

J. Sempau, P. Andreo, J. A. J. M. & Salvat, F. (2004). Electron beam quality correction factors

L.A. Dawson, D. Normolle, J. B. C. M. T. L. & Haken, R. T. (2002). Analysis of

M. Guerrero, X. L. (2004). Extending the linear-quadratic model for large fraction doses

M. Ljungberg, K. Sjogreen, X. L. E. F. Y. D. & Strand, S. (2002). A 3-dimensional absorbed dose

Prestwich WV, Chan LB, K. C. . W. B. (1985). Dose point kernels for beta-emitting

R.D. Stewart, W.E. Wilson, J. M. D. & Strom, D. (2001). Microdosimetric properties of ionizing

Salvat, S.; Fernández-Varea, J. . S. J. (2009). *PENELOPE-2008: A Code System for Monte Carlo*

S.J. Ye, I.A. Brezovich, P. P. & Naqvi, S. (2004). Benchmark of penelope code for low-energy

Stabin, M. (2008). *Fundamentals of nuclear medicine dosimetry*, Springer Science+Business Media. V.A. Semenenko, X. L. (2008). Lyman-kutcher-burman ntcp model parameters for radiation

W.V. Prestwich, J. N. & Kwok, C. (1989). Beta dose point kernels for radionuclides of potential

Z. Xu, S. Liang, J. Z. X. Z. J. Z. H. L. Y. Y. L. C. A. W. X. F. & Jiang, G. (2006).

Zubal, I. & Harrel, C. (1992). Voxel based monte carlo calculations of nuclear medicine images

*Simulation of Electron and Photon Transport*, Nuclear Energy Agency.

*Physics in Medicine and Biology* Vol. 53(No. 3): 737 – 755.

*symposium*, US Department of energy, Oak Ridge, pp. 545–561.

system, *Physics in Medicine and Biology* Vol. 49(No. 18): 4427 – 4444.

*radiation oncology, biology, physics* Vol. 53(No. 4): 810 – 821.

*Physics in Medicine and Biology* Vol. 47(No. 5): 697 – 711.

*Medicine and Biology* Vol. 46(No. 4): 1163 – 1186.

20): 4825 – 4835.

8): 1101 – 1109.

1): 189 – 195.

6): 342 – 348.

Vol. 47(No. 1): 79 – 88.

*Biology* Vol. 49(No. 3): 687 – 397.

source for intravascular brachytherapy by using the monte carlo code penelope,

simulation of electron beams from an accelerator head using penelope, *Physics in*

for plane-parallel ionization chambers: Monte carlo calculations using the penelope

radiation-induced liver disease using the lyman ntcp model, *International journal of*

pertinent to stereotactic radiotherapy, *Physics in Medicine and Biology* Vol. 49(No.

calculation method based on quantitative spect for radionuclide therapy: Evaluation for 131-i using monte carlo simulation, *The Journal of Nuclear Medicine* Vol. 43(No.

radioisotopes, *Proceedings of the fourth international radiopharmaceuzical dosimetry*

electrons in water: a test of the penelope code system, *Physics in Medicine and Biology*

photon transport: dose comparisons with mcnp4 and egs4, *Physics in Medicine and*

pneumonitis and xerostomia based on combined analysis of published clinical data,

use in radioimmunotherapy, *Journal of Nuclear Medicine* Vol. 30(No. 10): 1036 – 1046.

Prediction of radiation-induced liver disease by lyman normal-tissue complication probability model in three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for primary liver carcinoma, *International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics* Vol. 65(No.

and applied variance reduction techniques, *Image and Vision Computing* Vol. 10(Issue

Bone and soft tissue disease is kind of detrimental disease and the precise diagnosis and timely therapy is also the clinical doctors' object of a prolonged endeavour. This chapter will introduce the diagnostic and therapeutic methods of bone and soft tissue diseases with nuclear medicine techniques.

The singular advantages of skeletal scintigraphy are high sensitivity in detecting early disease and its ability to survey the entire skeleton quickly and reasonable expense. Most broadly, the uptake of skeletal seeking radiotracers depicts osteoblastic activity and regional blood flow to bone. Any medical condition that changes either of these factors in a positive or negative way can result in an abnormal skeletal scintigram.

Radionuclide distribution has played an important role in understanding normal bone metabolism, in addition to the metabolic effects of pathologic involvement. Radionuclide imaging of the skeleton is being used with increasing frequency in the evaluation of abnormalities involving bones and joints. Several studies have demonstrated that different information can be obtained by radionuclide bone imaging compared with radiography and blood chemistry analysis. Innovations in equipment design and other advances, such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MR) and hybrid SPECT/CT have been incorporated into the investigation of various musculoskeletal diseases.

The first part of this chapter introduces the mechanism of skeletal radionuclide imaging, which also reviews part knowledge of skeletal anatomy and physiology. The remainder of the chapter discusses radionuclide imaging of the bones and joints, with an emphasis on the applications of the imaging procedures, and the radionuclide therapy of some bone tumors.
