Preface

 The main indicator of women'sreproductive health is the menstrual cycle. Matters concern‐ ing the physiology and pathology of menstrual function have great theoretical and practical significance. The critical importanceof menstrual problems includesthe long courseof men‐ strual disease,the frequent relapse ofmenstrual disorders,and theappearance of post-hem‐ orrhagic anemia, which in turn leads to infertility and loss of women's ability to work.

 The range of years when a woman has the ability to conceive and bear a child is called the reproductive period. This time span is closely related to the appearance of the physiological rhythm in the function of the female body, the external manifestation of which is connected to the menstrual cycle.

The menstrual cycle is a complex biological process in a woman's body: it is cyclic, its whole aim is reproduction, and it is manifested by menstrual bleeding.

 By focusing on issues related to the menstrual cycle, a woman can help maintain her health and that of her future children.

 In this monograph, the reader will find sections treating various questions, such as: "What is a normal menstrual cycle?", "Which features of the cardiovascular system are related to the normal menstrual cycle?", "What is menstrual syndrome?", and "What is the relation‐ ship between carrying physical loads and the menstrual cycle?" Here, scientists from around the world have presented their own research, observations, and generalizations of knowledge on the issues of menstrual cycle.

#### **Olena Ivanivna Lutsenko**

Department of Theory and Methods of Teaching of Natural Sciences Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University of Alexander Dovzhenko Ukraine

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Introductory Chapter: Regulation of Ovarian-Menstrual**

One of the main manifestations of the vital activity of the female body is the menstrual cycle,

Endocrine relationships in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system are formed throughout the period of puberty. This process is regulated by certain neuroendocrine processes, which have different activities depending on age. The determinants of this regulation are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads, thyroid gland, and adrenal cortex; therefore, a certain interest is the study of the peculiarities of the formation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian hormonal system.

Back in the late nineteenth century, leading scholars D. O. Ott, S. S. Zikharev, and A. V. Reperov found that menstrual cycle is not a local process, but a wavelike reaction of the organism associated with changes in the system of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaries-uterus, which appears from the outside of uterine bleeding. These changes in vital processes in the body of

So, the normal menstrual cycle is a finely coordinated cyclic process of stimulating and inhibiting effects that lead to the release of one mature egg. Various factors involved in the regulation of this process, including hormones, paracrine, and autocrine factors, are identified so far [3]. The regulation of the menstrual function passes through a complex neurohumoral path [4–6]. According to modern concepts [7–9], cyclic changes in the body of a woman are related to the implementation menstrual function and occur with the obligatory participation of five levels (or levels) of regulation. Each of them is regulated by the structures located above according

which begins during puberty and has a rhythmic (monthly) character.

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85065

**Cycle as a Systemic Problem of Physiology of Humans**

**Ovarian-Menstrual Cycle as a Systemic Problem of** 

Olena Lutsenko

Olena Lutsenko

**1. Introduction**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**Introductory Chapter: Regulation of** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85065

women were called "menstrual wave" [1, 2].

to the mechanism of feedback.

**Physiology of Humans**
