**Meet the editors**

Hromadka & Associates' principal and founder, Theodore Hromadka II, PhD, PhD, PhD, PH, PE, has extensive scientific, engineering, expert witness, and litigation support experience. His frequently referenced scientific contributions to the hydrologic, earth, and atmospheric sciences have been widely published in peer-reviewed scientific literature, including 30 books and more than

500 scientific papers, book chapters, and government reports. His professional engineering experience includes supervision and development of over 1500 engineering studies. He is currently a faculty member at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.

Prasada Rao, PhD, is a professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at California State University, Fullerton. His current research areas relate to climate change, surface and subsurface flow modeling, and computational mathematics. He is also the Associate Director for the International Institute for Computational Engineering Mathematics.

Contents

**Preface VII**

**Hydrometeorology 1**

Megersa Olumana Dinka

**Eastern India 63** Krishna Gopal Ghosh

Filho

Chapter 1 **Introductory Chapter: An Introduction to Topics in**

Theodore V. Hromadka II and Prasada Rao

**Storm in Southwestern Morocco 5**

**Watersheds under Restoration 39**

Chapter 2 **Synergy between SMOS-MIRAS and Landsat-OLI/TIRS Data for**

Abderrazak Bannari, Hassan Rhinane and Hicham Bahi

Chapter 3 **Development and Application of Conceptual Rainfall-Altitude**

Chapter 4 **Linkages between Water and Forests in South American**

Carmo Calijuri and Eduardo Mario Mendiondo

Chapter 5 **Geo-Statistical Assessment of the Intensity, Duration,**

Chapter 6 **Rainfall Erosivity: Gap-Filling Method Differences in the Brazilian Pantanal and Cerrado Biomes 83**

**Soil Moisture Mapping before, during, and after Flash-Flood**

**Regression Model: The Case of Matahara Area (Ethiopia) 29**

Denise Taffarello, Diego Alejandro Guzman Arias, Danielle de Almeida Bressiani, Davi Gasparini Fernandes Cunha, Maria do

**Frequency and Trend of Drought over Gangetic West Bengal,**

Diego A. Zanoni, Susana P. Moreira, Ana Paula S. Teles, Guilherme H. Cavazzana, Denilson O. Guilherme and Fernando JC. Magalhães

## Contents

#### **Preface XI**


Preface

 

modern CEM techniques.

The subject of hydrometeorology encompasses a wide variety of topics that are of high inter‐ est in study programs involving the atmospheric sciences, the transport of moisture in the atmosphere, surface water, soil-water hydrology and moisture transport, and earth-surface and atmospheric interactions. Additionally, building on the available computer power, this field has witnessed an exponential increase in applications of computational engineering mathematics (CEM) that has changed the interaction between hydrometeorology and the typical consumer. Weather reports typically include examples of CEM applications such as displays of Doppler radar and illustrations of airflow and other attributes, all developed by

The challenges to overcome for a better understanding of the umbrella of topics that fall un‐ der hydrometeorology require multidisciplinary research. Since these topics have a direct impact on human activities, efforts aimed at analyzing the role of weather and climate on

Hydrometeorology is a wide-ranging subject and it is difficult for any single book to detail all the associated aspects. In this book, multiple experts present their work on some of these topics. We hope that the topics discussed in this book will motivate researchers to realize the challenges and complexities associated with addressing issues in hydrometeorology and

**Theodore V. Hromadka II**

**Prasada Rao**

Fullerton, CA, USA

United States Military Academy West Point, New York, USA

California State University Fullerton

Professor, Department of Mathematical Sciences

Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

the above and related topics can advance the knowledge of hydrometeorology.

contribute their share toward advancing the knowledge in this upcoming area.

## Preface

 The subject of hydrometeorology encompassesa wide variety of topics thatare of high inter‐ est in study programs involving the atmospheric sciences, the transport of moisture in the atmosphere, surface water, soil-water hydrology and moisture transport, and earth-surface and atmospheric interactions. Additionally, building on the available computer power, this field has witnessed an exponential increase in applications of computational engineering mathematics (CEM) that has changed the interaction between hydrometeorology and the typical consumer. Weather reports typically include examples of CEM applications such as displays of Doppler radar and illustrations of airflow and other attributes, all developed by modern CEM techniques.

 The challenges to overcomefor a better understanding of the umbrellaof topics that fall un‐ der hydrometeorology require multidisciplinary research. Since these topics have a direct impact on human activities, efforts aimed at analyzing the role of weather and climate on the above and related topics can advance the knowledge of hydrometeorology.

 Hydrometeorology is a wide-ranging subject and it is difficult for any single book to detail all the associated aspects. In this book, multiple experts present their work on some of these topics. We hope that the topics discussed in this book will motivate researchers to realize the challenges and complexities associated with addressing issues in hydrometeorology and contribute their share toward advancing the knowledge in this upcoming area.

#### **Theodore V. Hromadka II**

Professor, Department of Mathematical Sciences United States Military Academy West Point, New York, USA

**Prasada Rao**  Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering California State University Fullerton Fullerton, CA, USA

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Introductory Chapter: An Introduction to Topics in**

**Introductory Chapter: An Introduction to Topics in** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85025

Hydrometeorology is the study of both the atmospheric and terrestrial phases of the hydrological cycle, with emphasis on the interrelationship between them (i.e. the transfers of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere). Accordingly, the science of hydrometeorology bridges across both hydrology and meteorology [1]. The subject of hydrometeorology encompasses a wide variety of topics [2, 3] that are of high interest in programs involving the atmospheric sciences, the transport of moisture in the atmosphere, surface-water and soilwater hydrology, earth-surface and atmospheric interactions, and techniques in engineering mathematics including the evolving applications in Computational Engineering Mathematics or "CEM". Recent advances in CEM are opening new opportunities for researchers to address diverse challenging multi-dimensional applications in hydrometeorology. Because of the massive database sizes involved, both in hydrometeorology data collection (greatly augmented by private observers equipped with highly accurate monitoring reporting equipment connected to the web central databases), the evolving field of "visualization" has developed where focus is upon generating depictions of these data to increase understanding [4], and to assemble the

data for further assessment and analysis for subsequent detailing and publication.

In the current book, a selection of data interpretations and experiences are presented as an enticement to students and practitioners for motivating further intellectual growth in the growing field of study known as "hydrometeorology." Many universities borrow specific topics from the field of hydrometeorology in related courses such as Computational Engineering Mathematics or its earlier version, Engineering Mathematics (or other variants). Perhaps few other demonstrations of vector calculus are as noteworthy and understandable as the description of the vector calculus topics of vector curl and vector divergence, as by examining the evolution of a weather tornado or hurricane, or of the use of these vector concepts

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Hydrometeorology**

**Hydrometeorology**

Theodore V. Hromadka II and Prasada Rao

Theodore V. Hromadka II and Prasada Rao

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85025

**1. Introduction**
