*2.3.4. Equipment*

**2.3. Chlorination (solid calcium hypochlorite)**

**Figure 2.** Chlorination by chlorine liquid method.

8 Photocatalysts - Applications and Attributes

Contamination or improper use of Ca(OCl)<sup>2</sup>

(including other water treatment products). If Ca(OCl)<sup>2</sup>

flame, heat, and any kind of burning materials [7].

ing holes that support the 80 mm diameter Ca(OCl)<sup>2</sup>

strong oxidizing agent. It increases the intensity of fire. Ca(OCl)<sup>2</sup>

waste water and drinking water [7].

70% of chlorine is available in commercial grades of Ca(OCl)<sup>2</sup>

(calcium hypochlorite) is an essential solid that can be used in replacement of NaOCl

. It has applications in both

may lead to explosion, fire, or the release of

is exposed to even very small amounts

tablets. Tablet chlorinator systems can

must be kept away heat, i.e.,

is used as a

(liquid). As a disinfectant, it has similarity with NaOCl but it is much safer to handle. Almost

 is more safer than chlorine gas and NaOCl. • It even has excellent stability when stored in dry place, maintaining its potency well over

gases (toxic gases). Calcium hypochlorite should not be allowed to contact any foreign matter

of water, it can react violently to produce toxic gases, heat, and spatter. Product should be added to water instead of adding water into the product. Exposure to heat can cause Ca(OCl)<sup>2</sup> to decompose rapidly, which may lead to explosion, intense fire, and the release of toxic

The calcium hypochlorite chlorinator contains a cylindrical polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tank with a height of 0.6–1.2 m and a diameter of 230–610 mm. A sieve plate is present contain-

gases. Dry, cool, well-ventilated area is needed for storing the product. Ca(OCl)<sup>2</sup>

Ca(OCl)<sup>2</sup>

*2.3.1. Advantages*

time [7].

*2.3.2. Limitation*

*2.3.3. Process*

• Being solid, Ca(OCl)<sup>2</sup>

Ca(OCl)<sup>2</sup> can be added to the wastewater by two ways, i.e.,

