Acknowledgements

study was the construction of a global iLULUC emissions pool in order to account for the changing

Some studies (e.g., [1, 26]) computed direct LU emissions and dLUC emissions for specific oil crops from specific countries, e.g., Brazil and Argentina, and for the import mix of such crops used, e.g., in Austria [26]. For the latter, our results are comparable to those for Germany, as most oil crops imported into Austria are transported through Germany and they are influenced in

For the example of oil crops, i.e., the basis for vegetable oils and by-products (mainly feed), which are consumed in Austria, the method proposed here assigns 1.99 kg CO2 to 1 kg of product. Most of the oil crops or their products are imported into Austria and, in addition, no dLUC emissions are relevant for domestic oil crops. Thus, LULUC emissions are sourced exclusively from contributions to the iLULUC pool. Based on market information (e.g., Refs. [27, 28]), 50% each of the oil crops are estimated to come as soybeans from North America (no dLUC emissions) and South America. The resulting level of 1.61 kg of dLULUC emissions is in line with the 1.99 kg CO2 stated above. The emissions are linked to imports from Brazil, which show 3.097 kg dLUC-CO2 per kg of soybeans and LU-related emissions of 0.019 kg LU-CO2 per kg of soybeans [1]. Together, dLULUC accounts for 3.22 kg CO2 per kg of Brazilian soybeans, which is comparable to the 3.66 kg CO2 derived with the method presented herein. It has to be noted that d(LU)LUC emission factors cannot be directly compared to the iLULUC emission factors presented here. While dLULUC estimates are close to the numbers from the presented method in specific cases such as of Austria, dLUC emission factors alone are insufficient and should be replaced or accompanied by emission factors which consider iLULUC effects in LCAs and carbon footprints.

We propose an integrated dynamic treatment of emissions from LULUC, caused by domestic agricultural production, and from iLULUC that is linked to international agricultural commodity trade, which may be used in LCA frameworks and other assessment methods that include GHG emissions accountings. iLULUC effects are accounted for which are induced by countries with increasing demand for certain agricultural commodities. LULUC emissions are not only caused by growing national agricultural land use, but also by the growth of builtup areas. Indirect LULUC emissions related to an increase in net agricultural imports represent the balance of (a) (positive) iLULUC emissions from import increases and (b) (negative) dLUC emissions from exported commodities. Our model thus reflects a dynamic rather than a static perspective of agricultural commodity production and trade—it uses the increases of produc-

Indirect LULUC factors are derived by converting data on agricultural commodity production and trade to the commodity's corresponding energy content on an LHV basis. A (hypothetical) global iLULUC pool reflects the global interconnectedness of agricultural commodity trade;

tion, exports, and imports in place of their absolute values.

global interrelationships of the agricultural commodity marketplace.

both countries by the European markets.

86 Land Use - Assessing the Past, Envisioning the Future

5. Conclusion

4.2. Direct (LU)LUC emissions versus results of the proposed method

The authors are grateful to Dr. Christian Schader, Dr. Rainer Weisshaidinger, Theresia Markut, and Dr. Matthias Meier from the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) for their valuable input and for many stimulating discussions. We gratefully acknowledge support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project GELUC (P29130-G27).
