**Nomenclature**

possible to observe atomic concentration of Ni after oxygen implantation. As a consequence of this, migration tests show a reduction of the concentration of these ions in blood of more

**Figure 14.** Compositional profiles for oxygen implanted into stainless steel at energies of 10, 20, and 30 keV. Reprinted

Finally, interesting approaches for the design and implementation of multifunctional layers (bactericides, wear resistance, and anticorrosion) have been tested by using combined treatment techniques. As a representative example, ionic implantation of Ag on ceramic layers previously deposited by PVD is a novel approach that allows to have a better control of the distribution of the Ag, solving potential problems of cytotoxicity by the excessive release of

Since the first implant was made in the nineteenth century, different prostheses have achieved significant improvements in terms of durability and performance. In addition to the improvements in the design, result of the better knowledge of the biomechanical processes, the development of new materials, and the superficial treatments have been decisive. Hundreds of different materials and dozens of surface treatments which have been studied in a rigorous and systematic way to be used as part of the different types of prostheses. Among all these vast set of materials and treatments, the solutions applied in each type of prosthesis are con-

In this work, we have reviewed some of the most widespread solutions and have the best results and perspectives of implantation. The thermal injection of HA is currently an extended solution that is applied in different types of implants to significantly increase the osseointegration capacity. PVD coatings by conventional magnetron sputtering techniques are being used

siderably reduced, as a result of all the research carried out.

than 50%.

silver cations [76].

with permission of [71].

212 Advanced Surface Engineering Research

**5. Summary**


