**1. Urinary tract infections and the related concerns**

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), the second-ranked infectious diseases, are recognized as a big concern relating to global healthcare systems. The problem with UTIs is two-dimensional. From the economic aspect, patients with UTIs cost millions of US dollars (USD) for different governments annually. From the other dimension, there is a huge number of patients with UTIs which must be visited by a considerable number of physicians and specialists that involve an abundance of human resources in the public healthcare systems. So, the UTIs should be diagnosed and treated definitely at the earliest to decrease the costs and traffics in public healthcare systems [1–6].

Moreover, UTIs are known as multi-microbial infectious diseases, which can be happened by bacteria (Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative strains) and fungi. Among Gram-negative bacteria, the member of *Enterobacteriaceae* and, in particular, *Escherichia coli* and *Klebsiella pneumoniae* are the most common uropathogenic bacterial agents, which may cause different types of UTIs. Furthermore, Gram-negative bacteria, including *Streptococci*, *Staphylococci*, and *Enterococci*, are involved in UTIs in humans. On the other hand, fungi and particularly *Candida albicans* (*C. albicans*) strains may act as opportunistic pathogenic fungi for causing UTIs. However, the non-*C. albicans Candida* (NACA) such as *C. glabrata* and *C. tropicalis* are reported from some countries as the predominant species of the causative agents of UTIs [1, 2, 4, 7–14].
