*10.1.1. Acute cystitis management in patients with type II diabetes*

Acute cystitis treatment should be tailored according to culture results, if obtained. Apart from proper glucose control, one of the following UTI treatments is mandatory for acute cystitis management [36]. **First line treatment management**: Nitrofurantoin 100 mg three times daily for 5 days or fosfomycin trometamol 3 g single dose, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 960 mg twice daily for 3 days (can be used empirically only if resistance prevalence is known to be less than 20% and medication was not used in previous 3 months). **Second line management**: Quinolones and β-lactams.

#### *10.1.2. Pyelonephritis management in patients with type II diabetes*

Hospitalization should be done for the patients with severe symptoms for initial intravenous antibiotic therapy [5, 36]. Empiric antibiotics treatment: broad-spectrum cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, piperacillin-tazobactam, or carbapenems should be started [37]. Severe sepsis presenting patients or those known to harbor-resistant uropathogens or the patients who have received multiple antibiotic courses should receive broad-spectrum coverage, guided by current urinary culture report. Treatment should be tailored when culture reports are available.
