**7. Motility**

Flagellum is an organelle that is responsible for bacterial motility and plays a role in the initial adhesion phase of biofilm formation [1, 62]. A recent study showed that motility is involved in the migration of the infection from the bladder to the kidneys [63]. About 70–90% of all urinary tract infections is caused by flagellated UPEC, and pathogenesis involves contact between the bacteria and epithelial cell surface of the urinary tract [1]. However, flagellar motility enhances the ability of *E. coli* by adaptive responses to attractive or repellent environmental stimuli [15].
