**2. System architecture**

control systems and information technology are his brain. They provide flexibility to quickly adapt production processes to changing customer requirements and ensure safety and performance at the lowest possible cost of resources and energy. Therefore, developing and applying advanced process control is one of the most effective levers for immediate and long-term energy savings, better product quality, increased process security, and higher production flexibility and will ensure and stimulate business development in conventional and emerging areas, create new jobs, and improve social standards in Europe. In addition, cyber-physical systems (CPS) are physical and engineering systems whose activities are monitored, coordinated, controlled, and integrated by the computing and communication core. CPS combines discrete and powerful computational logic to monitor and control the continuous dynamics of physical and engineering systems. Precision of calculations must be connected with uncertainty and noise in the physical environment. The lack of perfect synchronization in time and space must be solved. Component errors in cyber and physical domains must be tolerated or restricted. These needs require the creation of innovative science and engineering principles. The trial-and-error approach to building computer-oriented systems must be replaced by rigorous methods, certified systems, and advanced tools. Security and privacy requirements must be enforced. The system dynamics should be addressed on many time scales. The scale

Tomography is a technique of imaging the interior of a tested object using measurements made on the edge. Depending on the technological specifics, you can see both advantages and disadvantages in terms of accuracy, frequency, and resolution of reproduced images. In order to get information about the object being studied, it uses a variety of physical phenomena that are carriers of information: X-rays, gamma rays, ultrasounds, electron beams, electric currents, magnetic fields, and photons [3, 4]. Knowledge of the characteristics of each tomographic technique allows to choose the appropriate method of image reconstruc-

The main purpose of this work is to design a system for data acquisition and analysis by reconstructing the image for various tomographic methods [8]. Control methods include issues related to the processing of data obtained from various sensors located in nodes. Monitoring takes place as part of the data processing and parameters obtained and processed. Multiphase flow measurement technologies are still being built and improved. There is a clear tendency in the industry to implement more optimal related functions with an emphasis on

Although there are many methods to optimize technological processes, there is no universal solution that would be optimal in a wide range of measurement conditions. A new hybrid solution was proposed using imaging techniques together with appropriate sensors. This article describes several types of algorithms and models of reconstruction. The solution to this optimization problem is obtained by combining several numerical methods. The reconstruction of 2D examples with the use of numerical and experimental data is shown. The proposed tomographic system consists of a set of sensors (devices) and software that uses Cloud Computing and the Big Data cluster to process, visualize, and analyze data (cyber-

and growing complexity must be tame [1, 2].

26 New Trends in Industrial Automation

active inspection and monitoring.

physical system) [9].

tion [5–7].

The article presents a model of intelligent platform enabling configuration and cooperation with various external systems. The platform enables the management of a smart company structure in terms of processes, products, simulations, and virtual products. This allows optimization and automatic optimization of production processes. It will also allow you to follow the production cycle and ensure cooperation with external applications. The system can operate autonomously, monitor, control, collect, and collect measurement data. The open platform model of intelligent devices and sensor technology based on tomography in the cyber-physical self-monitoring system includes new measurement techniques and the construction of innovative intelligent measuring devices, system structure along with communication interface, unique algorithms for data optimization and analysis, image reconstruction algorithms, and monitoring technological processes.

The system consists of the following components (see **Figure 1**):


**Figure 1.** The idea of the system.

The system allows management of the intelligent enterprise structure in terms of processes and simulations. **Figure 2** shows the model of the system for optimization and automation of production processes with data analysis and product virtualization. Individualization of the system in the cooperative model is presented in **Figure 3**. It will also allow to follow the production cycle and ensure cooperation with external applications.

Wireless technology has been used as the first open wireless standard to control industrial processes in sensor networks. In order to monitor the infrastructure of linear and hierarchical projects, various wireless transmission standards can be applied at different levels of the hierarchy. In the tomography system, we often use the MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) protocol. Many standards of wireless networks, such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, and DASH7, are often used in integration to implement sensor networks. In the case of pipelines located in remote areas, it is desirable to use long-distance networks such as GSM and GPRS for sending data collected in the backhaul network. After successful measurement and registration of parameters from the sensors, a mechanism for sending data to the base station is required. Reliable and secure data transmission is extremely important. For this purpose, various network architectures and topologies can be used. Factors such as designing real-time detection nodes, pipeline and network infrastructure, connecting nodes with the base station, and battery life or work cycle directly affect data transmission.

The algorithms based on tomographic techniques can be used to automatically control and solve problems related to the processing of data obtained from various sensors located in key nodes of the system. Supervision and control are in the scope of acquired and processed data and parameters of devices implementing automation, such as servo valves, pump supply,

and rotary flow. The basic feature of using wireless methods is to obtain important informa-

A Nondestructive Distributed Sensor System for Imaging in Industrial Tomography

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79567

29

Process tomography gives the opportunity to analyze the processes taking place inside the facility without interfering with the production, analysis, and detection of obstacles, defects, and various anomalies. The tomography belongs to the opposite problems of the electromagnetic field. The inverse problem is the process of identification, optimization, or synthesis, in which the goal is to determine the parameters describing the data [14–16]. Process tomography aims to determine the properties of the tested object from measurements at its edge [17, 18].

Tomography of industrial processes is a harmless, noninvasive imaging technique used in various industrial technologies in processes. It plays an important role in continuous measurement data, which allows better understanding and monitoring of industrial processes, providing a fast and dynamic response, which facilitates process control in real time detecting failures and abnormal system operation. Tomographs allow us to "look inside" pipes in flow reactors. Industrial tomography enables observation of physical and chemical phenomena without the need of internal penetration. In order to obtain information about the test object, measurements are used in various physical phenomena, in which information carriers are X-rays, gamma rays, ultrasounds, electron beams, electric currents, and magnetic fields. The main advantage of tomographic examinations is their noninvasiveness in the

tion about the process and the state of installation in real time [10–13].

**3. Process tomography**

**Figure 3.** Model of production processes.

**Figure 2.** Model of functional system.

A Nondestructive Distributed Sensor System for Imaging in Industrial Tomography http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79567 29

**Figure 3.** Model of production processes.

The system allows management of the intelligent enterprise structure in terms of processes and simulations. **Figure 2** shows the model of the system for optimization and automation of production processes with data analysis and product virtualization. Individualization of the system in the cooperative model is presented in **Figure 3**. It will also allow to follow the

Wireless technology has been used as the first open wireless standard to control industrial processes in sensor networks. In order to monitor the infrastructure of linear and hierarchical projects, various wireless transmission standards can be applied at different levels of the hierarchy. In the tomography system, we often use the MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) protocol. Many standards of wireless networks, such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, and DASH7, are often used in integration to implement sensor networks. In the case of pipelines located in remote areas, it is desirable to use long-distance networks such as GSM and GPRS for sending data collected in the backhaul network. After successful measurement and registration of parameters from the sensors, a mechanism for sending data to the base station is required. Reliable and secure data transmission is extremely important. For this purpose, various network architectures and topologies can be used. Factors such as designing real-time detection nodes, pipeline and network infrastructure, connecting nodes with the base station,

The algorithms based on tomographic techniques can be used to automatically control and solve problems related to the processing of data obtained from various sensors located in key nodes of the system. Supervision and control are in the scope of acquired and processed data and parameters of devices implementing automation, such as servo valves, pump supply,

production cycle and ensure cooperation with external applications.

28 New Trends in Industrial Automation

and battery life or work cycle directly affect data transmission.

**Figure 2.** Model of functional system.

and rotary flow. The basic feature of using wireless methods is to obtain important information about the process and the state of installation in real time [10–13].
