**3.1. One-tier architecture**

from the details of the management task. Likewise, this method of delegation statically retrieved low-level data from simple agents before handing the response data to the cen-

**c.** Delegation by micro-task with high-level semantics: High-level semantics refers to meaningful abstractions from low-level data. For example, this method of delegation statically retrieves object data from a distributed environment before handling the response object to the central authority for processing. This framework encapsulated the protocol that supports communication between objects. Example of this distributed object paradigm includes common object request broker architecture (CORBA) and web based enterprise

**d.** Delegation by macro-task with low-level semantics: Delegation by macro task allowed a central authority to empower one or more management stations to control specified managed elements rather than specified element properties. The management station performs necessary functions such as statically retrieving low-level data from simple agents to be processed into information by managing application. It is also responsible for taking

**e.** Delegation by macro-task with high-level semantics: This form of delegation involves one or more authorized management stations controlling specified managed elements. Management functions include statically retrieving object data from a distributed environment which is subsequently processed by the managing application. It allows effective control decomposition and functional approximation to promote framework scalability, run time overhead reductions and workload dynamics. Example of this approach is a Goal

Semantically rich delegation referred to a cooperative paradigm in distributed systems that empower the remote agent to control specified elements with limited instructions for preset operations. The intelligent agent relies on high-level goals and changing contextual data to make appropriate independent determination for successful management in a complex environment. Along with high autonomy and low task specification, cooperative paradigm uses horizontal delegation to cooperate with other agents unlike vertical delegation in hierarchical approaches. This is also more effective for real-time data collection within large complex and evolving networks. However, these approaches require some sort of system fidelity and measures of consistency across all nodes ensuring cooperation towards a common goal [8].

Distributed application structure defines client–server model that does segregation of workloads between service or resource provider, called servers and service or resource requester, called clients. These two separate components, a client and a server, which communicate over

corrective action if central authority is lost while communications.

tral authority for processing into information.

Driven Network Management System [7].

management (WBEM).

8 New Trends in Industrial Automation

**2.3. Cooperative paradigm**

**3. Client-server architecture**

Single-tier architecture is the simplest, single tier on single user, and is the equivalent of running an application on a personal computer as shown in **Figure 2**. All the components like user interface, business logic, and data storage, which are necessary to run an application, are located within the system. They are the easiest to design, but the least scalable as they are not part of a network also they cannot be used for designing web applications [9].
