*Use of Ozone in the Textile Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81774*

catalysis. If there is no any effect of the catalyst on the mixture, it will be stable. Porous solid substrates can adsorb gaseous ozone [14]. Textiles are the sample of porous solid substrates.

**Aqueous phase:** Solubility of ozone in water is better than the oxygen [27]. However, ozone dissolves moderately in water. It follows Henry's law [13]. The solubility of ozone depends on pressure, temperature, and ionic strength [14]. Efficient moving of ozone to solution needs dispersion of gaseous ozone into small bubbles. Positive-pressure ozone contractors, negative-pressure reactors (Venturi), and injectors achieve it [13]. At room temperature, decomposition of ozone in pure water is very slow. However, ozone decomposes with the catalysts like hydroxyl ion, trace metals, H2O2/HO2 ¯ , organic substances, heat, and UV light [14].

The parameters affecting the physical mass-transfer rate of ozone into water are:


*Textile Industry and Environment*

nation of the dissolved ozone [25].

*2.2.4 Electrochemical methods*

membrane.

colorimetric indigo methods [25].

**3. Ozone applications in the textile industry**

Material of leakproof gasket has to resist gaseous ozone.

• application in the gas phase and

• application in aqueous phase.

*2.2.5 Chemiluminescent methods*

selectively. Then, indigo reagent is added to the sample to measure the seeming ozone concentration because of the reaction with manganous ion oxidation products. This value is subtracted from the value of the sample without glycine [19]. Indigo method is applied to "AccuVac Ampul" ozone measurement. For the measurement, all the chemicals are packaged under vacuum into an ampule. The ampule is like a cuvette, and it is used precisely for the spectrophotometric determi-

These methods can include amperometric titration, which is mentioned under the title of iodometric methods. Amperometric analyzers use an electrochemical

• The electrochemical cell separated from the process water by a semipermeable

In the literature, there are various electrochemical methods using a solid redox polymer electrolyte-based amperometric sensor, a lignin-modified, glassy carbon

General advantages of electrochemical methods are low cost, easy operation, potential for miniaturizing and automation, simple portable devices for fast screening purposes, and in-field/onsite monitoring [16]. But every 1 or 2 months, amperometric analyzers have to be calibrated against a reference method such as UV, or the

Light is produced on the reaction of ozone with ethylene in gas phase. It is chemiluminescence. This type of analyzer is based on chemiluminescence and it is measured with a photomultiplier tube. It is comparable to the ozone concentration. Aqueous solutions of ozone emit light on the reaction of ozone with miscellaneous dyes. They are benzoflavin, acridine yellow, indigo trisulfate, fluorescein, etc. [14].

There are two types of ozone application in the textile industry. They are:

For wet processes, aqueous ozone is more practical than gaseous ozone because working principle of finishing machines is suitable for solution. Use of gaseous ozone needs special airproof machines because of occupational health and comfort.

**Gas phase:** Half-life of gaseous ozone is more than that of aqueous ozone. So, it decomposes slowly [13]. Gaseous ozone is easily affected by the catalyst. Light, trace organic matter, nitrogen oxides, mercury vapor, and peroxides act as catalysts for homogeneous catalysis. Metals and metal oxides are catalysts for heterogeneous

• The bare-metal electrodes, which are in direct contact with the water;

cell to determine the ozone. There are two types of analyzer [25]:

electrode, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes to analyze ozone [16].

**18**


Recently, scientific studies about the use of ozone in textile manufacturing are very popular. But the use of ozone in textile manufacturing is not common in practice. It is only commercially common in denim and garment washing. Therefore, the use of ozone in denim washing is discussed in a special title. The other titles are based on fiber types.
