**3. Results and discussions**

According to the results given in **Table 1**, the sliver waste and virgin cotton fibers have similar fiber specifications, because of being a clean waste as mentioned previously.

Physical and mechanical properties of the yarns were tested, and the test results were given in **Table 2**. In addition, the fabric thickness, bursting strength, air permeability, and pilling values of the fabrics were tested, and the test results were


**61**

**Figure 3.**

Virgin cotton

**Table 3.** *Fabric test results.*

*\*1, worst–5, best.*

*Utilization of Cotton Spinning Mill Wastes in Yarn Production*

**Waste type Waste/virgin cotton Fabric thickness (mm) Air permeability (l/m2**

Blowroom 10/90 0.78 1440 2–3

Card 10/90 0.78 1444 5

Sliver 10/90 0.76 1758 4

Fabric 10/90 0.76 1552 4

30/70 0.75 1274.8 3–4 50/50 0.78 1282 3

30/70 0.76 1412 5 50/50 0.79 1256 5

30/70 0.75 1830 4–5 50/50 0.73 2052 4

30/70 0.82 1410 3–4 50/50 0.78 1534 3

0/100 0.67 2786 4–5

**/s) \*Pilling (1–5)**

given in **Table 3**. For better understanding and evaluation, yarn tenacity and burst-

The effects of waste amount and waste type on yarn and fabric properties were statistically analyzed (**Table 4**). The effects of waste amount on yarn and fabric properties were found statistically significant, except yarn unevenness values. According to the Student-Newman-Keuls test, the number of thick places and nep values of the yarns produced with blowroom wastes were statistically significantly highest, of all. In terms of yarn hairiness, the highest values belong to the yarns produced with card waste, for all blend ratios. Card waste has the highest short fiber amount, resulting with the yarns' hairiness. For higher waste ratios (50/50), clean sliver waste containing yarns show better yarn tenacity, close to 100% virgin cotton. One of the main factors affecting measured fabric properties is yarn hairiness. Yarn hairiness increases, and bursting strength decrease with the increase of waste ratio, except when the waste type is sliver. Sliver waste/virgin cotton-blended yarns have the lowest yarn hairiness values and highest bursting strength, even better

ing strength values of different samples are given in **Figure 3**, respectively.

than virgin cotton, because of better fiber specifications.

*Yarn tenacity and bursting strength values of different samples.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85127*

**Table 2.** *Yarn test results.*


*Utilization of Cotton Spinning Mill Wastes in Yarn Production DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85127*

**Table 3.**

*Textile Industry and Environment*

EN ISO 13938-1

ASTM D 2256

statistically analyzed by using SPSS.

**3. Results and discussions**

**Waste type Waste/virgin** 

**cotton**

previously.

The standards of yarn and fabric tests applied were given below:

• Pilling test (ICI Pilling Box-7000 tours) TS EN ISO 12945-1

• Yarn evenness test (Uster Tester 5) ISO 16549

• Bursting strength (EC 37 hydraulic bursting strength tester) TS 393

• Air permeability (Textest FX 3300) TS 391 EN-ISO 9237, ASTM D737

• Fabric thickness (SDL Digital Thickness Gauge) TS 7128 EN ISO 5084

The effect of waste type and blend ratio on the physical and mechanical properties of the yarns and the fabrics, produced with virgin/waste cotton fibers, were

According to the results given in **Table 1**, the sliver waste and virgin cotton fibers have similar fiber specifications, because of being a clean waste as mentioned

were given in **Table 2**. In addition, the fabric thickness, bursting strength, air permeability, and pilling values of the fabrics were tested, and the test results were

> **Uster (CV%)**

Physical and mechanical properties of the yarns were tested, and the test results

**Thin places (−50%)**

30/70 17.95 361.67 245.83 412.50 5.76 50/50 19.47 18.33 385.00 383.33 6.15

30/70 16.64 10.00 75.00 59.17 6.37 50/50 15.48 4.17 78.33 62.50 6.82

30/70 15.68 28.33 27.50 11.67 5.14 50/50 16.94 29.17 26.67 6.67 5.05

30/70 16.27 1828.33 186.67 1077.50 5.86 50/50 16.26 52.50 209.17 125.00 6.04

0/100 15.26 8.00 26.00 6.00 5.32

Blowroom 10/90 16.88 9.17 106.67 105.00 5.53

Card 10/90 16.53 5.83 50.00 23.33 5.84

Sliver 10/90 15.81 16.67 22.50 8.33 5.24

Fabric 10/90 16.30 5.00 75.83 40.00 5.58

**Thick places (+50%)**

**Nep values (+280%)**

**Yarn hairiness (H)**

• Yarn strength test (Lloyd yarn strength tester) TS 245 EN ISO 262,

**60**

**Table 2.** *Yarn test results.*

Virgin cotton

*Fabric test results.*

given in **Table 3**. For better understanding and evaluation, yarn tenacity and bursting strength values of different samples are given in **Figure 3**, respectively.

The effects of waste amount and waste type on yarn and fabric properties were statistically analyzed (**Table 4**). The effects of waste amount on yarn and fabric properties were found statistically significant, except yarn unevenness values. According to the Student-Newman-Keuls test, the number of thick places and nep values of the yarns produced with blowroom wastes were statistically significantly highest, of all. In terms of yarn hairiness, the highest values belong to the yarns produced with card waste, for all blend ratios. Card waste has the highest short fiber amount, resulting with the yarns' hairiness. For higher waste ratios (50/50), clean sliver waste containing yarns show better yarn tenacity, close to 100% virgin cotton.

One of the main factors affecting measured fabric properties is yarn hairiness. Yarn hairiness increases, and bursting strength decrease with the increase of waste ratio, except when the waste type is sliver. Sliver waste/virgin cotton-blended yarns have the lowest yarn hairiness values and highest bursting strength, even better than virgin cotton, because of better fiber specifications.

**Figure 3.** *Yarn tenacity and bursting strength values of different samples.*


#### **Table 4.**

*The results of variance analysis of the effects of different waste types and waste ratio on yarn and fabric properties.*

Fabric pilling values show that blowroom and fabric wastes containing fabrics have more pilling. Fabrics produced with card waste have a lower pilling degree and higher short fiber content but lower short fiber length. Probably, short fibers are too short to compose a pill in card waste.
