**1. Introduction**

Every being in this world has an expiration date, even the world itself possibly has one. This situation is the same for man-made products too. We produce them, use them, and try to find a way to get rid of them, when the time comes. One of the hardest questions of today comes to mind at this point: How will we manage the resultant waste of the products we created? Should we dump the waste to proper waste yards and reuse or recycle them? The answers to these questions are crucial. Scientists, governments, and local authorities work for finding answers to these questions. Wastes can be a problem for local authorities because of their environmental effects.

There are different categories of wastes. According to Australian Waste Report 2016, these categories are masonry materials (asphalt, bricks, rubble, etc.), metals (steel, aluminum, etc.), organics (food, garden organics, etc.), paper and cardboard (liquid paperboard, magazines, etc.), plastics (PET, HDPE, PP, etc.), glass, hazardous wastes, fly ash, and other wastes (including textiles and leather) [1]. Some

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1999;**32**:33

*Textile Industry and Environment*

**References**

[1] Aspland JR. Textile Dyeing and Coloration. USA: American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists; 1999

[12] Faria PCC, Órfão JJM, Pereira MFR. Activated carbon and ceria catalysts applied to the catalytic ozonation of dyes and textile effluents. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental.

[13] Zhang J, Lee KH, Cui L, Jeong TS. Degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution by ozone-based processes. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2009;**15**:185

[14] Perkin-Elmer. Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. 1st

ed. USA: Perkin-Elmer; 1996

[15] Silverstein RM. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds. 7th ed. USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.;

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[2] Shore J. Colorants and Auxiliaries, Colorants. Vol. 1. England: Society of

[3] Broadbent AD. Basic Principles of Textile Coloration. England: Society of

[5] Christie RM. Environmental Aspects of Textile Dyeing. England: Woodhead

[7] Razumovskii SD, Zaikov GE. Ozone

Compounds. The Netherlands: Elsevier;

A.A.T.C.C. Technical Manual 2007. USA:

[10] Gomes AC, Nunes JC, Simões RMS. Determination of fast ozone oxidation rate for textile dyes by using a continuous quench-flow system. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010;**178**:57

Dyers and Colourists; 2002

Dyers and Colourists; 2001

[4] Hunger K. Industrial Dyes, Chemistry, Properties, Application.

Germany: Wiley-VCH; 2003

Publishing in Textiles; 2009

Industry. USA: EPA; 1996

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1971

and its Reactions with Organic

[8] Society of Dyers and Colourists and American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. Colour Index. 3rd ed. England: S.D.C. and A.A.T.C.C.;

[9] American Association of Textile Chemists and Colourists.

A.A.T.C.C.; 2006. 82 p

[11] Perkins WS. Oxidative decolorization of dyes in aqueous medium. Textile Chemist and Colorist.

[6] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Best Management Practices for Pollution Prevention in the Textile of these waste types can be recycled and utilized as raw materials in same type of products they belong in or in different products.

Textile wastes can be divided into two main groups: production wastes and postproduction wastes. Production wastes are basically raw materials of each production step which cannot be put into end product due to different reasons. For yarn spinners, these wastes can occur during cleaning of the fibers or combing out short-staple fibers from the long ones in combing machine, etc. These clean/ unclean wastes in fiber form or not can be reused. After spinning mill, there are wastes in yarn and fabric forms, and they need recycling to be put again in production. Postproduction wastes are generally worn out cloths, which can be recycled and may be used again in textiles or utilized in other products.

Textiles include different raw material (fiber) types. Fibers used in textiles are categorized into two main groups, which are natural and man-made fibers. Most known examples for natural fibers are cotton (seed fibers), wool, silk (animal fibers), flax (bast fibers), sisal (leaf fibers), and asbestos (mineral fibers). On the other hand, polyester, nylon, acrylic (which are synthetic fibers), modal, viscose rayon, and acetate rayon (which are regenerated fibers) are some of the examples for man-made fibers [2]. Thereby, textile wastes have a great variety of raw material sources. These wastes can be recycled or reused in different products. In 2017, global fiber production exceeded 100 million mt. Polyester has around 51% of total global fiber production. The second most important fiber is cotton, and it has approximately 25% of total global fiber production [3].

Textile wastes can be recycled/reused in textiles or other products. Other product wastes can also be utilized in textile production. One of the most known examples for this is PET bottles. PET bottles are collected, are recycled, and can be used in textile products as "r-PET fiber." r-PET fibers can be used in yarn production, as 100% or in blends, thereby in most of the textile structures. There are various studies about this topic. These studies cover spinning of the fiber, properties of the fiber [4], properties of yarn, and fabric produced from this fiber and all [5]. Some of the researches are focused on using textile wastes in different products. Mishra et al. used textile wastes to produce composites and tested the properties of these composites [6]. Briga-Sa, Binici, and El Wazna used textile wastes as insulation materials, and Briga-Sa indicated that they got results similar to polystyrene (XPS) and mineral wool [7–9]. Shukla used PET fiber wastes to synthesize new chemicals which can be used in different fields [10]. These examples show that textiles are generally sustainable materials. There are too many studies dedicated on this topic.

Liquid waste and solid waste are generated during the production of textiles. Especially agriculture of cotton fiber, which is the subject of this study, and the evaluation of the solid wastes that occur during yarn spinning are important for sustainability and environment. These topics are really important for the future, considering the increasing world population and decreasing agricultural areas. Moreover, large amounts of water are consumed; pesticides and synthetic fertilizers are used during cotton growing. Especially pesticides have negative effects on human health. The recycling/reusing of wastes occurring at every stage of textile production will be positive in terms of reducing the environmental effects putting them again in the production chain. Consumers are also becoming more conscious about these effects and they seek environmentally friendly "green products" [11]. This should be considered by the producers.

Due to increasing fiber production, the amount of pre-consumer and postconsumer textile wastes is increasing. According to a study Pinheiro and de Francisco conducted with Brazilian clothing manufacturers, 167,850 kg of cotton was consumed with these manufacturers, and 19,086 kg of cotton waste occurred in

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cleaning.

*Utilization of Cotton Spinning Mill Wastes in Yarn Production*

their productions. This means 11% of the raw material was left out as waste [12]. Moreover, as the amount of textile solid waste increases, the evaluation of these wastes becomes more important. Therefore, the terms of sustainability and circular economy issues come to the forefront in textile industry. This chapter is focused on spinning mill wastes of textile wastes. Information about how textile wastes occur in spinning mills and utilization of them in textiles are given. For this reason, informations about spinning mill and wastes occurring in spinning mill were given,

Spinning is defined by Barker as the "*art of throwing a number of more or less short fibres together in such a way that, being drawn out to form a comparatively fine filament*" [13]. In this process, one of the main defining parameter is fiber length. According to fiber length, machinery and their adjustments that should be used are determined. In textile yarn manufacturing, two main systems are used depending on fiber length: short-staple and long-staple spinning systems. In principle, fibers up to 60 mm in length are spun in short-staple spinning systems, and fibers with lengths over 60 mm are spun in long-staple systems. Short-staple fibers are generally processed dry using mechanical means, and the spinning systems used for this

From the field, seed cotton moves to gins for separation of lint and seed. This is the first step in which cotton wastes occurred. Cotton gin wastes consist of sticks, leaves, burs, soil particles, mote, cotton lint, and other plant materials [15]. These wastes can be used in different areas such as chemical industry (e.g., soaps), livestock industry (e.g., animal feed), or food industry (e.g., cotton seed

After harvest and ginning, cotton fibers are compressed and bales are formed. For this reason, the first step in a cotton spinning mill is opening. This process is needed in order to clean effectively and form slivers in which individual fibers are oriented very closely to sliver axis [16]. Most of the opening and cleaning is carried out in blowroom machinery. However, card has an important role in opening and

Parallelization is carried out subsequent to opening and cleaning processes. It is really important to force fibers to place as parallel to each other as possible in sliver to spin a good quality yarn. Machine mainly responsible for this process is draw frame which also takes care of attenuation and doubling of slivers. Fibrous waste amount of these machines is lower compared to the rest of the spinning mill

To produce some cotton end products especially in which fine yarns are used, yarns with better properties are needed. One of the ways to do so is to remove some fibers that are much shorter than the mean of the distribution from slivers [16]. This process is carried out with combing machine. In **Figure 1**, spinning machinery line with combing machine is given. Cotton fibers longer than 27 mm are generally used after combing up to 13% which is sufficient for good quality yarns [16]. This means

During roving and spinning (for ring spinning), some fibers cannot enter yarn or roving body, and fiber fly is formed. These fibers are sucked by pneumatic systems that are placed after delivery rollers, and they are collected in the machine. Moreover, if end breaks happen in yarn or roving, the same system collects flowing fibers after leaving delivery rollers till operator's intervention. In open-end rotor spinning systems wastes can occur in opening rollers which also are responsible for

types of fibers are also known as cotton spinning system [14].

cleaning. Most of spinning mill wastes occur in these machinery.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85127*

**1.1 Short-staple yarn spinning**

initially.

oil).

machinery.

waste ratio of this process is high.

their productions. This means 11% of the raw material was left out as waste [12]. Moreover, as the amount of textile solid waste increases, the evaluation of these wastes becomes more important. Therefore, the terms of sustainability and circular economy issues come to the forefront in textile industry. This chapter is focused on spinning mill wastes of textile wastes. Information about how textile wastes occur in spinning mills and utilization of them in textiles are given. For this reason, informations about spinning mill and wastes occurring in spinning mill were given, initially.
