5.2 Life cycle assessment analysis

The LCA method can be divided into three categories, namely, process-based LCA (PLCA), input–output LCA (I-OLCA), and hybrid LCA (hLCA) [32].

Process-based LCA (PLCA) is derived from the study of Coca-Cola bottles by the Midwest Institute of the United States in the late 1960s and is the earliest and most traditional method of life cycle assessment. The latest standard ISO 14040/ISO 14044 issued by the ISO in 2006 established the basic framework of LCA and proposed related requirements and guidelines [33]. It is an analytical method, mainly through investigation and literature review, collecting the input and output lists during the product life cycle.

Unlike PLCA, the input–output life cycle assessment (I-OLCA) is a method of pursuing an overall life cycle analysis. It first uses the input and output of the entire department to calculate the energy consumption and emission levels at the


Table 1. Comparison of LCA methods.

Integrated Life Cycle Economic and Environmental Impact Assessment for Transportation… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86854

#### Figure 2.

5.1.2 User cost

the discount rate.

Table 1.

96

Comparison of LCA methods.

5.2 Life cycle assessment analysis

Transportation Systems Analysis and Assessment

lists during the product life cycle.

User cost can be divided into three parts: vehicle operation cost, delay cost, and safety cost. Vehicle operation cost refers to the cost of vehicle operation near the maintenance operation area, and its size is affected by such factors as vehicle type, vehicle age, and the condition of maintenance operation area. Delay cost refers to the time delay cost caused by the maintenance operation area, whose main part is the person in the vehicle. Therefore, its size is not only affected by the nature of the construction operation area but also closely related to the time cost of the person. Safety cost refers to the cost of additional accidents caused by the presence of the maintenance operation area. The detailed calculation models will be mentioned in

The existing evaluation method of the economic cost of life cycle is relatively complete, which mainly takes into account the construction and repair costs of the owner in the life cycle and the economic, time, and safety costs of the user in the construction process and converts them into a unified economic indicator through

The LCA method can be divided into three categories, namely, process-based

Process-based LCA (PLCA) is derived from the study of Coca-Cola bottles by the Midwest Institute of the United States in the late 1960s and is the earliest and most traditional method of life cycle assessment. The latest standard ISO 14040/ISO 14044 issued by the ISO in 2006 established the basic framework of LCA and proposed related requirements and guidelines [33]. It is an analytical method, mainly through investigation and literature review, collecting the input and output

Unlike PLCA, the input–output life cycle assessment (I-OLCA) is a method of pursuing an overall life cycle analysis. It first uses the input and output of the entire

LCA (PLCA), input–output LCA (I-OLCA), and hybrid LCA (hLCA) [32].

department to calculate the energy consumption and emission levels at the

the following part of "Independent algorithm of LCCA."

Procedure of PLCA. These four steps are interrelated and interacting. For example, the problems discovered during the interpretation phase can be returned to the impact assessment, inventory analysis, and even the goal and scope determination steps to be corrected [34].

department level and then evaluates the environmental impact of specific products through the corresponding relationship between the evaluation target and the economic sector. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are shown in Table 1.

Hybrid LCA (HLCA) is the combination of the above two methods for evaluation, which makes it possible to eliminate the error caused by the system boundary and enhance the pertinence of the evaluation object, so it is more widely used. However, due to the complexity of the road system, its input and output are both diversified and recessive. Therefore, the existing road life cycle assessment is mainly based on PLCA. If not explained in detail, all life cycle assessment methods in this chapter refer to the PLCA.

The life cycle assessment method can be divided into four steps according to the ISO standard: determining the goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and result interpretation, as shown in Figure 2.
