**Author details**

*Transportation Systems Analysis and Assessment*

produced by combustion. Electric motors in aviation are currently still in the development phase but could become very relevant in terms of energy efficiency in the future. The developments in the field of aerodynamics have proven to be effective and operational for many years. With the help of winglets and riblets, air resistance can be reduced by 20% and load capacity increased by almost 9%. This technology

In aircraft construction, the processing of composite materials can result in optimized fuel consumption and a reduction in CO2 emissions. A disadvantage of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics is the high manufacturing and processing costs. In the long term, however, these investment costs are offset by the respective savings. Composites are particularly interesting because of their high specific strength. Changing the flight behavior can result in a reduction in fuel consumption, emissions, and aircraft noise. This aircraft operating technique is called continuous descent arrival. The state of the art is currently the turbofan engine. The developments have shown that ideas in the

The authors want to thank Hannes Grünbichler for the support in manuscript

can be applied to any aircraft and offers around 1.5% fuel savings.

ACEA European Automobile Manufacturers Association

APTA American Public Transportation Association ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

direction of the classic propeller cannot be ruled out.

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**List of abbreviations**

CH4 methane CO2 carbon dioxide CO2eq CO2 equivalents comb. combustible DC direct current DMU diesel multiple unit

There is no conflict of interest.

AC alternating current

AFTK available freight tonne kilometer

BNSF Burlington Northern Santa Fe CDA continuous descent arrival CDO continuous descent operation CFRP carbon fiber-reinforced plastic

ECP electronically controlled pneumatic

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EU ETS European Emissions Trading System FRA Federal Railroad Administration

EMD electro-motive diesel EMU electric multiple unit

EU European Union

APB Aviation Partners Boeing

proofreading.

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Corinna Cermak, Erich Markl\* and Maximilian Lackner University of Applied Sciences FH Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria

\*Address all correspondence to: erich.markl@technikum-wien.at

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
