5.1.2 User cost

User cost can be divided into three parts: vehicle operation cost, delay cost, and safety cost. Vehicle operation cost refers to the cost of vehicle operation near the maintenance operation area, and its size is affected by such factors as vehicle type, vehicle age, and the condition of maintenance operation area. Delay cost refers to the time delay cost caused by the maintenance operation area, whose main part is the person in the vehicle. Therefore, its size is not only affected by the nature of the construction operation area but also closely related to the time cost of the person. Safety cost refers to the cost of additional accidents caused by the presence of the maintenance operation area. The detailed calculation models will be mentioned in the following part of "Independent algorithm of LCCA."

The existing evaluation method of the economic cost of life cycle is relatively complete, which mainly takes into account the construction and repair costs of the owner in the life cycle and the economic, time, and safety costs of the user in the construction process and converts them into a unified economic indicator through the discount rate.

department level and then evaluates the environmental impact of specific products through the corresponding relationship between the evaluation target and the economic sector. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are shown in

Procedure of PLCA. These four steps are interrelated and interacting. For example, the problems discovered during the interpretation phase can be returned to the impact assessment, inventory analysis, and even the goal

Integrated Life Cycle Economic and Environmental Impact Assessment for Transportation…

Hybrid LCA (HLCA) is the combination of the above two methods for evaluation, which makes it possible to eliminate the error caused by the system boundary and enhance the pertinence of the evaluation object, so it is more widely used. However, due to the complexity of the road system, its input and output are both diversified and recessive. Therefore, the existing road life cycle assessment is mainly based on PLCA. If not explained in detail, all life cycle assessment methods

The life cycle assessment method can be divided into four steps according to the ISO standard: determining the goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assess-

As mentioned above, the calculation process of life cycle cost analysis is to divide the total cost into two categories according to the undertaker, owner cost and user cost, and further subdivide and calculate these two types of costs. The road life cycle inventory analysis process, in order of time and space, calculates the environmental impact of the whole life cycle; however, further discussion of each part will find a lot of similarities between the objects evaluated by the two as shown in

For example, the "raw material acquisition" and "construction" stage in LCI and the "construction" part in LCCA are evaluated on the pavement materials and construction process. The "maintenance" stage in LCI includes both the "maintenance" and "management" processes in LCCA. It refers to the maintenance work performed by the owner to maintain its structure and function after the pavement is put into use. It also contains the user's cost of evaluation, which is the additional cost and impact of the maintenance of the user. Therefore, there is a great deal of consistency between LCI and LCCA in the process of evaluation, which is also because both of them take pavement as the evaluation object. There are overlaps between the two methods. Many calculations are done by budget method. Both of them are the selection methods of multi-plan comparison, highlighting the differences of multi-plan while downplaying or ignoring the evaluation of the similarities of multi-plan. The biggest difference between the two lies in the different evaluation objectives: LCCA aims at the economic cost, while LCI aims at

6. Integrated life cycle economic and environmental impact method

Table 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

97

the environmental impact.

in this chapter refer to the PLCA.

and scope determination steps to be corrected [34].

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86854

ment, and result interpretation, as shown in Figure 2.
