**1. Introduction**

Public pressure led to the introduction of many different types of constraint at an increasing number of airports in an effort to keep both annoyance and complaints to a minimum. Noise pollution surrounding IKIA airport is a growing concern in Tehran.

The computer simulation of the noise exposure level that we use at IKIA airport and its surrounding areas is conducted using the noise exposure forcasting modeling, The Noise Exposure Forecasting modeling, as used in the current study, computes noise exposure levels. The noise metric computed by the model is the annual average Day–Night Sound Level. The widely-used DNL metric is known to be highly correlated with community annoyance and is associated with a variety of land use guidelines that suggest where incompatibilities are expected to exist between the noise environment and various human activities [1].

Noise is an adverse factor in the living environments of today's communities. This type of pollution has drawn attention to itself in the three recent decades, being a major problem in larger cities and seen as one of the significant environmental problems which is on the rise due to an array of factors including increased population density, motor vehicles, industrial activities in the proximity of urban areas and construction activities. Above-standard noise levels negatively affect all living beings and are therefore classified as environmental pollution. Research shows that both short- and long-term exposure to noise pollution weakens hearing, increases blood pressure leading to cardiovascular disorders, causes sleep and mood disorders, and changes behavior patterns [2]. Basner et al. studied the auditory and non-auditory influences of noise on cardiac diseases and neural disorders [3]. Therefore studying noise pollution and generating noise level maps for metropolises such as Tehran is of significant importance. Sound measuring in each certain area would take a considerable time and cost [4] because the level of noise emitted by vehicles in streets varies depending on traffic condition and such variation needs to be considered in measurements.

Another way used to measure noise pollution in a certain area is employing noise pollution models, which indeed is a mathematical technique. Mostly traffic-based parameters, which are very diverse, are used as the model's inputs. There are many factors that may affect sound emission in the space; hence, numerous models have been developed in this area so far. Most of them are physical factors which cover sound properties. As a result, measuring and examining such parameters is very difficult and complicated. However, other parameters including traffic-related ones such as velocity of vehicles and traffic flow are measured very easily [4].

Many studies have focused on noise pollution with different methods. Bilasco et al. proposed an information system model to identify areas exposed to noise pollution. Their model generated a noise map using sound measurements, building heights, land uses, digital land altitude model, and wind speed and direction in GIS software [5]. Subramani et al. analyzed noise pollution at different crossroads. They first performed a time analysis on sound data in different time periods at different crossroads, thus generating the noise map via GIS [6]. In another work, Mendal et al. assessed and analyzed noise pollution in Kolkata, India at the time of a festival [7]. Abbaspour et al. performed a hierarchical analysis of noise pollution in a region of Tehran [8]. Investigating the research performed on noise pollution analysis indicates that for noise pollution studies, GIS system is highly capable in generating noise maps and data analysis. The most important influential factors on the subject are traffic, width and type of roads, urban land use, green space, and slope. Traffic is important because increased traffic means increased vehicles, therefore increased noise. Road width also influences the capacity for holding vehicles. Road slope influences vehicle speeds, with higher speeds generating higher levels of noise. Land use influences generated noise by changing the population density and commenting levels.

### **2. Research method**

The paper studied Tehran, Iran. The study areas consisted of Tajrish Sq. (region 1) street of Tehran. The study areas were selected based on their traffic and urban importance. Measurements were performed during 7–8 am on August 5–8, 2018. The survey measured sound levels, road slope, road width, traffic, and land use (residential, commercial, administrative, and green space) that are presented in the following sections.

The computer simulation of the noise exposure level that use at IKIA airport and its surrounding areas is conducted using the noise exposure forecasting

**133**

runway.

map.

noise of the airport .

data from the runway, start the software.

*A Mathematical Model of Noise Pollution in Streets of Tehran near IKIA Airport*

modeling, The noise exposure forecasting modeling, as used in the current study, computes noise exposure levels. The noise metric computed by the model is the annual average Day–Night Sound Level. The widely-used DNL metric is known to be highly correlated with community annoyance and is associated with a variety of land use guidelines that suggest where incompatibilities are expected to exist between the noise environments and various human activities. Data input to the NEF includes runway coordinates, flight tracks, flight operations and types of aircraft. NEF computes the overall noise exposure at points on the ground around the airport. Data was modeled for a period of one year. The use of NEF in computerbased noise modeling not only gives the noise exposure levels based on the current flight operations, but also allows for the prediction of future noise levels due to a projected increase in flight operations. This is especially useful for a rapidly grow-

The data and assumptions used for leading such a study are presented and

Specifications for all planned runways are summed up below:

According to IKIA existing Airport Information Publication (AIP), the procedures for outbound aircraft are mainly concentrated on seven radials originating from IMAM KHOMAINI VOR/DME or destination to KAHRIZAK NDB. These exit radials were used to model the flight tracks followed by the various aircraft that will be accommodated at IKIA airport. Straight-in approaches were assumed on each

This paper uses the noise exposure forcasting because its availability. The NEF consists of a map of the noise contours plotted over the airport layout at each time period. Noise contours for NEF 30, 35, 40 and 45 noise levels are shown on the

In this software, NEF+35 = DECIBEL and for discussion, should change the numbers of NEF to decibels. In the chart below, define the steps for modeling the

It does this first by making the runways shown in **Figure 1** and then with the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89794*

ing city like Tehran and IKIA airport.

• Distance to city center: 40 km

• Airport reference point coordinates:

• Length of scheduled runways is 4200 m;

• Width of runways is 60 m with 15 m shoulders;

• Distance between parallel runways will be 400 m;

• Airport site area: 13,500 Ha

○ Latitude: 35°24′58″N;

○ Elevation: 1007 m.

○ Longitude: 051°09′08″E;

detailed below. Data summary: *A Mathematical Model of Noise Pollution in Streets of Tehran near IKIA Airport DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89794*

modeling, The noise exposure forecasting modeling, as used in the current study, computes noise exposure levels. The noise metric computed by the model is the annual average Day–Night Sound Level. The widely-used DNL metric is known to be highly correlated with community annoyance and is associated with a variety of land use guidelines that suggest where incompatibilities are expected to exist between the noise environments and various human activities. Data input to the NEF includes runway coordinates, flight tracks, flight operations and types of aircraft. NEF computes the overall noise exposure at points on the ground around the airport. Data was modeled for a period of one year. The use of NEF in computerbased noise modeling not only gives the noise exposure levels based on the current flight operations, but also allows for the prediction of future noise levels due to a projected increase in flight operations. This is especially useful for a rapidly growing city like Tehran and IKIA airport.

The data and assumptions used for leading such a study are presented and detailed below.

Data summary:

*Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions*

measurements.

commenting levels.

**2. Research method**

following sections.

a major problem in larger cities and seen as one of the significant environmental problems which is on the rise due to an array of factors including increased population density, motor vehicles, industrial activities in the proximity of urban areas and construction activities. Above-standard noise levels negatively affect all living beings and are therefore classified as environmental pollution. Research shows that both short- and long-term exposure to noise pollution weakens hearing, increases blood pressure leading to cardiovascular disorders, causes sleep and mood disorders, and changes behavior patterns [2]. Basner et al. studied the auditory and non-auditory influences of noise on cardiac diseases and neural disorders [3]. Therefore studying noise pollution and generating noise level maps for metropolises such as Tehran is of significant importance. Sound measuring in each certain area would take a considerable time and cost [4] because the level of noise emitted by vehicles in streets varies depending on traffic condition and such variation needs to be considered in

Another way used to measure noise pollution in a certain area is employing noise pollution models, which indeed is a mathematical technique. Mostly traffic-based parameters, which are very diverse, are used as the model's inputs. There are many factors that may affect sound emission in the space; hence, numerous models have been developed in this area so far. Most of them are physical factors which cover sound properties. As a result, measuring and examining such parameters is very difficult and complicated. However, other parameters including traffic-related ones

Many studies have focused on noise pollution with different methods. Bilasco et al. proposed an information system model to identify areas exposed to noise pollution. Their model generated a noise map using sound measurements, building heights, land uses, digital land altitude model, and wind speed and direction in GIS software [5]. Subramani et al. analyzed noise pollution at different crossroads. They first performed a time analysis on sound data in different time periods at different crossroads, thus generating the noise map via GIS [6]. In another work, Mendal et al. assessed and analyzed noise pollution in Kolkata, India at the time of a festival [7]. Abbaspour et al. performed a hierarchical analysis of noise pollution in a region of Tehran [8]. Investigating the research performed on noise pollution analysis indicates that for noise pollution studies, GIS system is highly capable in generating noise maps and data analysis. The most important influential factors on the subject are traffic, width and type of roads, urban land use, green space, and slope. Traffic is important because increased traffic means increased vehicles, therefore increased noise. Road width also influences the capacity for holding vehicles. Road slope influences vehicle speeds, with higher speeds generating higher levels of noise. Land use influences generated noise by changing the population density and

The paper studied Tehran, Iran. The study areas consisted of Tajrish Sq. (region 1) street of Tehran. The study areas were selected based on their traffic and urban importance. Measurements were performed during 7–8 am on August 5–8, 2018. The survey measured sound levels, road slope, road width, traffic, and land use (residential, commercial, administrative, and green space) that are presented in the

The computer simulation of the noise exposure level that use at IKIA airport

and its surrounding areas is conducted using the noise exposure forecasting

such as velocity of vehicles and traffic flow are measured very easily [4].

**132**

	- Latitude: 35°24′58″N;
	- Longitude: 051°09′08″E;
	- Elevation: 1007 m.

Specifications for all planned runways are summed up below:


According to IKIA existing Airport Information Publication (AIP), the procedures for outbound aircraft are mainly concentrated on seven radials originating from IMAM KHOMAINI VOR/DME or destination to KAHRIZAK NDB. These exit radials were used to model the flight tracks followed by the various aircraft that will be accommodated at IKIA airport. Straight-in approaches were assumed on each runway.

This paper uses the noise exposure forcasting because its availability. The NEF consists of a map of the noise contours plotted over the airport layout at each time period. Noise contours for NEF 30, 35, 40 and 45 noise levels are shown on the map.

In this software, NEF+35 = DECIBEL and for discussion, should change the numbers of NEF to decibels. In the chart below, define the steps for modeling the noise of the airport .

It does this first by making the runways shown in **Figure 1** and then with the data from the runway, start the software.

#### **Figure 1.**

*Contours of the noise around the airport. Invert the output of software to decibels: Black contour: 80 dB; Brown contour: 75 dB; red contour: 70 dB; and at last contour 65 dB.*


#### **Table 1.**

*Standard for noise values [9].*

Standard suggestion of the environmental organization of Iran for noise is shown in **Table 1**. From the results of contour map and this table, divide four the regions and in **Figure 1** the result is shown.

With comparison the noise map from the noise exposure forecast modeling with the ICAO land use recommendations in **Table 1**, and knowing that in the airport, we also have noise pollution from numerous vehicles and factories that may develop in the near future, should have a master plan for decreasing the noise of the airport, should do it first at the origin of it and then by barriers with a suitable plan for building near IKIA. The next section suggests some recommendations that may be used for the airport.
