*Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions*

were engaged in night-time attacks on Berlin at the time when the Germans were sure they were invincible. The first bombing took place already on August 8, 1941. In fact, the Soviets bombed Berlin directly from Moscow. At the beginning, the Germans did not even know what they were dealing with. Their fighters were simply too slow in 1941 (**Figure 2**).

instead of transport aircrafts. In addition, new invented aircraft T-117 did not flight, so the project was laid off. T-117 aircraft drawings were sent to Antonov's company in Kiev. Many of Bartini's designs were later used on Antonov aircrafts. In 1946, Bartini was released, and his design bureau in Taganrog was closed; the T-117 plane was destroyed and cut. Antonov design bureau was the first wide-body transport

After the release, Bartini decided to continue the work in Taganrog, and he designed even more T-200 and T-210 transport aircrafts, but the realization of the projects failed to occur. In 1952, Bartini moved to Novosibirsk where he began to research and made aerodynamic calculation for the optimum shape of wings for supersonic speeds. Based on these investigations, he designed T-203 project variable sweep wing with aerodynamic twist. For complex calculations, he used a

Lebedev. Therefore, he began to develop the plans for strategic bombers A-57 and A-55 at speeds of 2200–2500 km/h with the possibility of landing on the water. At that time, Soviet bombers did not have sufficient range to reach the coast of the United States and return to the Soviet Union. Bartini found an innovative solution for aircraft landing on the water, where Soviet submarines could supply fuel to the

computer BESM-1, the first Russian computer that was developed by S.A.

aircraft. However, Soviet authorities refused the project in favor of the development of ballistic missiles. The results of Bartini's research and results

supersonic Tu-144 passenger aircraft, and the Concorde aircraft had the same

**3. Bartini's vision of the sustainable intercontinental high-speed**

Bartini was completely rehabilitated in 1957, and he returned to Moscow, where he worked in a small Kamov construction bureau. During this time, he began to study and compare the various forms of the transport and determine the most

Similar research about the efficiency of the different means of the transport was

The optimum flight is just above the flat surface where vehicles can take advantage of ground effect. Vehicles using ground effect achieve up to 30% more lift than normal planes at the same wing surface. Therefore, the ground effect enables less surface of the wings for the same lift force. Moreover, it has less drag, which is best

launched by Von Karman in the 1950s of the last century. He noted that the "hydroglider" had the highest efficiency; in those times, this was probably the original term for the WIG vehicle or ekranoplan (Russian term). The term WIG vehicle or ekranoplan is used for vehicles that use ground effect—wing-in-ground

Bartini developed a "Theory of intercontinental transport on Earth," which was completed in the 1960s. This sustainable theory takes into account the entire planet Earth for the implementation of transport services for ships, planes, helicopters, railways, etc. In addition, the interdependencies between the various criteria are considered: the amount of load, speed of delivery, the weather conditions, and the area required for various operations (stopping and moving vehicles, facilities for loading and unloading, etc.). He came to the solution that the most optimal and sustainable vehicle can fly just above the surface; it can take off and land vertically and can be applied on all surfaces—snow, water, earth, ice,

about wings for large aircrafts in supersonic speeds were sent to the Tupolev design bureau. These solutions were used there to design the

aircraft constructed a decade later.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85032*

*Red Wings Proposed by Robert Bartini for Sustainable Aviation*

wing design, too.

**transport**

and sand [6].

**197**

energy corresponding type to a certain speed.

effect (WIG effect) (**Figures 4** and **5**).

During the period from 1940 to 1943, Bartini's main concern in the custody in Moscow and Omsk was faster-than-sound aircraft with rocket power. The project of his first P-114 (Cyrillic P = R for rocket) interceptor with a swept wing was not realized [4]. The P-114 was designed for speed more than 2000 km/h. At that time (1943), Bartini already knew that the best wing shape for speeds beyond Mach 2 is delta wings.

Then he started constructing the first wide-fuselage (wide-body) transport aircraft T-117 for transport tanks. This was the first aircraft with transport ramp/door at the back of the plane, for easier loading/unloading of cargo (**Figure 3**). The plane was already constructed in Taganrog, but necessary engines were not supplied. Those engines were required for the production of Tupolev Tu-4 bombers, which were a copy of the American B-29 bombers. Stalin said that Russia needed bombers

**Figure 2.**

*Passenger aircraft Bartini Stal-7 and bomber Yer-2 (Er-2). Source: http://mig3.sovietwarplanes.com/colors/ 1945-50-oldtypes/yer2-splinter.jpg, web source: March 16, 2017.*

**Figure 3.** *First wide-body aircraft: Bartini T-117. Source: Jakubovich [5].*

#### *Red Wings Proposed by Robert Bartini for Sustainable Aviation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85032*

were engaged in night-time attacks on Berlin at the time when the Germans were sure they were invincible. The first bombing took place already on August 8, 1941. In fact, the Soviets bombed Berlin directly from Moscow. At the beginning, the Germans did not even know what they were dealing with. Their fighters were

During the period from 1940 to 1943, Bartini's main concern in the custody in Moscow and Omsk was faster-than-sound aircraft with rocket power. The project of his first P-114 (Cyrillic P = R for rocket) interceptor with a swept wing was not realized [4]. The P-114 was designed for speed more than 2000 km/h. At that time (1943), Bartini already knew that the best wing shape for speeds beyond Mach 2 is

Then he started constructing the first wide-fuselage (wide-body) transport aircraft T-117 for transport tanks. This was the first aircraft with transport ramp/door at the back of the plane, for easier loading/unloading of cargo (**Figure 3**). The plane was already constructed in Taganrog, but necessary engines were not supplied. Those engines were required for the production of Tupolev Tu-4 bombers, which were a copy of the American B-29 bombers. Stalin said that Russia needed bombers

*Passenger aircraft Bartini Stal-7 and bomber Yer-2 (Er-2). Source: http://mig3.sovietwarplanes.com/colors/*

*1945-50-oldtypes/yer2-splinter.jpg, web source: March 16, 2017.*

*First wide-body aircraft: Bartini T-117. Source: Jakubovich [5].*

simply too slow in 1941 (**Figure 2**).

*Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions*

delta wings.

**Figure 2.**

**Figure 3.**

**196**

instead of transport aircrafts. In addition, new invented aircraft T-117 did not flight, so the project was laid off. T-117 aircraft drawings were sent to Antonov's company in Kiev. Many of Bartini's designs were later used on Antonov aircrafts. In 1946, Bartini was released, and his design bureau in Taganrog was closed; the T-117 plane was destroyed and cut. Antonov design bureau was the first wide-body transport aircraft constructed a decade later.

After the release, Bartini decided to continue the work in Taganrog, and he designed even more T-200 and T-210 transport aircrafts, but the realization of the projects failed to occur. In 1952, Bartini moved to Novosibirsk where he began to research and made aerodynamic calculation for the optimum shape of wings for supersonic speeds. Based on these investigations, he designed T-203 project variable sweep wing with aerodynamic twist. For complex calculations, he used a computer BESM-1, the first Russian computer that was developed by S.A. Lebedev. Therefore, he began to develop the plans for strategic bombers A-57 and A-55 at speeds of 2200–2500 km/h with the possibility of landing on the water. At that time, Soviet bombers did not have sufficient range to reach the coast of the United States and return to the Soviet Union. Bartini found an innovative solution for aircraft landing on the water, where Soviet submarines could supply fuel to the aircraft. However, Soviet authorities refused the project in favor of the development of ballistic missiles. The results of Bartini's research and results about wings for large aircrafts in supersonic speeds were sent to the Tupolev design bureau. These solutions were used there to design the supersonic Tu-144 passenger aircraft, and the Concorde aircraft had the same wing design, too.
