**1.2 Objectives and structure**

*Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions*

that are exceedingly high.

However, as the diameter and area of the pressure chamber increases, the total pressure is applied to a significantly larger surface area, resulting in total loading forces

Current designs in operation feature a traditional circular cross-section, a familiar geometry to most designers. However, the actual pressures exerted inside the chamber are not cylindrically uniform, as they would be in a fluid or gas pressure tank. Instead, the pressure loading originates from hydraulic working fluid inside a fundamentally rectangular shaped tray. These loads are then transferred into solid metal blocks called yoke plates that in turn each press against the walls of

The non-uniform pressure loading of the cylindrical pressure vessel wall results in localized forces that cause engineers to use excessive or unnecessary material,

The objective of this project was to optimize the cross-sectional profile, attributes, and material usage of a pressure containment vessel for use in a hydroforming manufacturing press. The new design was to be preferable in cost, weight and overall performance. Finite element analysis was used extensively to validate the current operational design, material alternatives and the optimized cross-section designs proposed. The design is a modular construction consisting of several pressure containment sleeve rings fabricated from layers of radially axial wound high strength composite fiber filament infused with resin stabilizer over a metal liner. Into this envelope of several joined compression rings slides a movable pressure vessel that features a top-load clamshell cartridge type design. Integral to the lid of the forming chamber is a series of elastomeric tubes that work in unison to produce a type of a high-pressure hydroforming diaphragm. This modular "sleeve over sandwich" pressure containment scheme is designed to enable the system to be easily configured in various shapes, sizes and lengths. It is also conceived to improve functionality, capability and serviceability. Because of the unique properties of the design, it can be easily configured in various lengths so that a wide range of prod-

The proposed concept sets forth numerous innovative breakthroughs that infuse legacy hydroforming technology with renewed vigor and greatly improved competence. The design is conceived to deliver enhanced functionality, capability, cost and serviceability as well as resale value. State-of-the-art sensing and computation enable many of the advancements. The parametric geometrical modeling of the liner and composite overwrap was performed using FEA software [2] which is proved to be an

the pressure containment chamber with varying degrees of force.

which increases both the weight and cost of the equipment **Figure 1**.

ucts can be produced including 100 kW wind turbine blades.

*Typical configuration of current commercial solutions (courtesy of Avure Inc.).*

**22**

**Figure 1.**

Currently the most powerful hydroforming pressure forming chambers are cylindrical constructions of high-strength, pre-tensioned steel wire wound over solid steel winding armatures. They are designed to meet "leak-rather-than-break" criteria". Some frames of this type can contain forces up to 137.89 MPa (20,000 psi) of operational pressure.

The objective of this project regarding the pressure containment system is to develop a non-cylindrical master section design that is comprised fundamentally of three elements: (a) Composite windings, b) a winding core, c() aluminum yoke plates. The design failure target for pressure containment is 165.47 MPa (24,000 psi). That is 137.89 MPa (20,000 psi) with a 20% safety factor or 110.32 MPa (16,000 psi) with a 50% safety factor. The containment section is intended to be configured to reduce weight significantly over "HS Steel Over Steel" chamber construction. It is intended to allow a completed machine to rest directly on a standard factory floor without additional floor structure reinforcements. The assumption for the proposed cylinder construction is composite over aluminum yoke plates. Composites may include glass, Kevlar 49, and carbon fibers. This study uses a carbon fiber source (Zoltek Panex 35 Continuous Tow pre-preg). The machine is meant to operate under cold shell start up conditions to 50% polymer plastic point. And the chamber operating temperature is assumed to be −17.78°C (0°F) to 48.89°C (120°F).

Aluminum alloys considered are 6061-T6 and 7075-T6. Windings and press frame are assumed for this study to be of matched metal type. Compressive strength of concrete for resting footprint loading is set at 17.24 MPa (2500 psi). The mechanism of operation of the machine assumes that pressure is applied by the injection of working fluid into a forming chamber cassette that has been loaded into the void area. The internal forming chamber cassette is not included in this modeling study. Pressure will be applied at full pressure to the side and horizontal walls of the inner yoke plate areas. The chamber has a fundamentally uniform cross section that is suited to sectional analysis. Loads will propagate from the inner void, into the yoke plates, into the winding frame and ultimately into the composite winding bobbin. Maximum vertical deflection at full pressure load of 165.47 MPa (24,000 psi) is assumed to be 6 mm.

If possible, it is desired that the design be low profile in appearance, resembling that of a toroidal ellipse section. This is desired to allow the installation and use of the machine without the addition of false load floors to support ergonomic reach over heights on larger than 1524 mm (60 in) wide forming cartridges. It is also assumed that a cosmetic outer cover may be applied to the cylinder design. This cosmetic cover will not be included in this design exploration. The project will begin with a baseline developed from a replication of a purely cylindrical design: "A". The effects of the loading properties will be applied to additional non-cylindrical designs B–E. The purpose of these designs is to build conceptual understanding by exploring radically unique crosssection designs. Based on these findings, special consideration is to be given to develop additional sections that may produce a design of reduced weight and cross-sectional height vs. a purely cylindrical design. The effects of steel vs. aluminum yoke plates are also to be investigated to compare strength to weight to size performance.

In Section 2 of this paper, we introduce the optimal design procedure and the design configurations A–E, and E1–E4. Sections 3 and 4 describe the results and discussion, and future perspective and opportunities.
