**3.4. Smart grid**

In [40], an IoT-based real-time monitoring system was proposed for power transmission lines to avoid disasters. In the proposed system, conductor galloping, wind deviation, conductor

**Figure 3.** A pyramid architecture for smart cities [39].

temperature, icing, and tower leaning are visually displayed at the monitoring center. These parameters represent the power transmission lines and operational parameters of the tower. So, the system can implement real-time monitoring and early warnings of disaster for minimizing the damage of smart grid caused by natural disasters. In [41], IoT-based smart grid applications were classified into three types: (a) key equipment state monitoring, (b) information collection, and (c) smart grid control. It also describes the types and characteristics of IoT-based smart grids. As a result, a reference architecture for smart grid IoT based on the characteristics was proposed. There are three layers in this reference architecture: perception layer, transport layer, and application layer. For security protection of IoT-based smart grids, a secure access control system is proposed for ensuring that IoT-based smart grid devices can securely access the Internet.

#### **3.5. Smart health**

IoT-based smart home environment, four social relationships are defined, namely, IoTService, IoTphysical space, IoTNetwork, and IoTIoT. An SDN controller makes a status graph that contains information on each home IoT to resolve the dependencies by collecting information from the packets passing through SDN switches, and the stateless protocol is used by Web-

In terms of cost, accuracy, intrusiveness, and privacy, existing occupancy monitoring approaches were analyzed by Akkaya et al. in [36]. For improving the occupancy detection accuracy in a smart building, they used multi-modal data fusion. In the information fusion techniques, noisy measurements generated from IoT devices are filtered and occupancy status is predicted. To reduce the energy consumption of the smart building, they also investigated how occupancy monitoring techniques could be used with data fusion techniques. EUFP7 IoT is a project to devise authentication and authorization mechanisms for service access protection. To extend the security functionalities stated by the architectural reference model for EUFP7 IoT, the framework was proposed in [37]. In [37], the authors proposed this framework to utilize the available localization data and to implement the access control for services provided in smart building. The proposed framework is based on a service manage-

ment platform which is a city explorer that implements the key security aspects.

waste management, surveillance, building, and emergency health monitoring.

In [40], an IoT-based real-time monitoring system was proposed for power transmission lines to avoid disasters. In the proposed system, conductor galloping, wind deviation, conductor

For urban IoT, the authors in [3] presented a survey on the architectures, protocols, and enabling technologies. They describe link layer technologies, Web service-based IoT architecture, and devices suitable for the urban IoT architecture. To enable various IoT applications, a generic top-down IoT architecture for smart cities was proposed in [38]. The integrated information center run by the IoT service provider is the core element of this architecture. This information center is connected to a set of services, such as water, electrical energy, central gas supply, provided in smart cities. Several technologies that are essential for the realization of smart cities, such as IoT co-building, openness, and convergence, are facilitated by this architecture. In [39], Al-Hader et al. proposed a five-level pyramid architecture for smart cities as shown in **Figure 3**. The bottom layer is the smart infrastructure layer including water, electronics, fire protection, natural gas, electronic communications, and network. The next layer is the smart database resources layer including database server, data resources, and databases. The next layer is the smart building management system layer including building automation, control network, and HVAC. The next layer is the smart interface layer including dashboard, common operational platform, and integrated Web services. The top layer is the smart city. Some of the major functionalities that can be included in smart cities are street lighting, maintenance,

based services, which are not made for long-term sessions.

112 Telecommunication Networks - Trends and Developments

**3.2. Smart buildings**

**3.3. Smart cities**

**3.4. Smart grid**

In [42], to monitor, collect, and transmit remote healthcare data, a system architecture based on IoT was proposed. To transfer data to a gateway, IEEE 802.15.4 standard was used and static and adaptive rule engines were developed as well. Through transmitting data based on important parameters extracted from the collected data, these two rules are involved in the decision-making process. As a result, these developed rule engines can minimize network traffic and save energy consumption. To solve issues such as reliability, interoperability, performance, energy efficiency, scalability, and security, the authors in [43] presented a smart e-Health gateway based on IoT. Based on taking responsibility of handling the sensor networks implemented in the remote healthcare center, this smart gateway can address these issues. The authors presented a case study called UTGATE for this smart e-Health gateway. Based on the achieved results from this case study, the smart e-Health gateway can provide services such as fast data processing, storage, and embedded data mining.

communication (GM2M), green RFID, green data center (GDC) [5], green cloud computing (GCC), green Internet, and green communication network as shown in **Figure 4**. Therefore, green ICT technologies play an essential role in green IoT and provide many benefits to the society such as decreasing the energy used for designing, manufacturing, and distributing

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Greening IoT is the practice of designing, manufacturing, disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems (i.e., monitors, printers, communications equipment, and storage devices) efficiently and more frequently but with reduced effect on the society and the environment [54]. The aim of using green IoT is to look for new resources and minimize IoT devices' negative impact on the health of humans and its disturbance to the environment.

ronmental conservation, and minimize the costs of things operating and power consumption [55–57]. Details about industrial emissions are analyzed and provided in [58]. These emissions influence environmental change in different regions and over time. Reducing the energy consumption of IoT devices is needed to make the environment healthier [59]. Due to the continuous development of green ICT technologies, green IoT provides a high possibility to support environmental sustainability and economic growth [57]. These valuable and emerging technologies make the world greener and smarter. Therefore, this section reviews the core of green IoT technologies that demonstrate efforts for constructing a green

Green IoT consists of designing and leveraging aspects. Green IoT focuses on reducing IoT

ability of intelligent everything. As shown in **Figure 5**, design elements of green IoT refer to developing computing devices, energy efficiency, communication protocols, and networking

The IoT element can be used to eliminate CO<sup>2</sup> emissions, reduce the pollutions and enhance the energy efficiency. Uddin et al. [60] introduced techniques for enhancing the energy effi-

is equipped with sensors and communication add-ons, these devices can communicate with each other and sense the world. However, sensors will consume high power for executing the tasks. In networking, green IoT aims to identify the location of the relay and number of nodes which satisfy budget constraints and energy saving. To achieve a smart and sustainable world, green IoT plays a significant role in deploying IoT to reduce energy consump-

emissions, a necessity for building a smart world with the sustain-

emission for enabling green information technology. Since M2M

emission [61] and pollution [61–63]; exploit environmental conservation [64];

emission, exploit envi-

The main objective of greening IoT is to reduce pollution and Co2

ICT devices and equipment.

and smart world.

architectures [57].

tion [47], CO<sup>2</sup>

energy usage and CO<sup>2</sup>

ciency and reducing CO<sup>2</sup>

**Figure 4.** Green ICT technologies.

## **3.6. Smart transportation**

The IoT can be used in all aspects of transportation such as geo services, collection of data related to passenger counting, communication, and smart ticketing. In [44], Eurotech provides IT solutions that can help in connecting every public transport element and use the technical tools to connect IT infrastructure with sensors and other devices. To enhance the traffic conditions in cities, the Kapsch Group in [45] investigated how Internet technologies can be leveraged.
