**4. Green IoT**

Because of the increasing awareness of environmental issues all over the world, green IoT technology initiatives should be taken into consideration. The concept of greening IoT refers to the technologies that make the IoT environment more healthy in a friendly way by making use of facilities and storages that enable subscribers to gather, store, access, and manage various information. The enabling technologies for green IoT are called information and communication technologies (ICTs) [47]. ICTs can cause climate change in the world [48–52] because with the growing application of ICT much more energy has been consumed. The consideration for sustainability of ICTs has concentrated on data centers optimization through techniques of sharing infrastructure, which leads to increasing the energy efficiency, reducing CO<sup>2</sup> emissions and e-waste of material disposals [53]. Greening ICT is enabling technologies for green IoT, which includes green wireless sensor networks (GWSNs), green machine-to-machine communication (GM2M), green RFID, green data center (GDC) [5], green cloud computing (GCC), green Internet, and green communication network as shown in **Figure 4**. Therefore, green ICT technologies play an essential role in green IoT and provide many benefits to the society such as decreasing the energy used for designing, manufacturing, and distributing ICT devices and equipment.

Greening IoT is the practice of designing, manufacturing, disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems (i.e., monitors, printers, communications equipment, and storage devices) efficiently and more frequently but with reduced effect on the society and the environment [54]. The aim of using green IoT is to look for new resources and minimize IoT devices' negative impact on the health of humans and its disturbance to the environment. The main objective of greening IoT is to reduce pollution and Co2 emission, exploit environmental conservation, and minimize the costs of things operating and power consumption [55–57]. Details about industrial emissions are analyzed and provided in [58]. These emissions influence environmental change in different regions and over time. Reducing the energy consumption of IoT devices is needed to make the environment healthier [59]. Due to the continuous development of green ICT technologies, green IoT provides a high possibility to support environmental sustainability and economic growth [57]. These valuable and emerging technologies make the world greener and smarter. Therefore, this section reviews the core of green IoT technologies that demonstrate efforts for constructing a green and smart world.

Green IoT consists of designing and leveraging aspects. Green IoT focuses on reducing IoT energy usage and CO<sup>2</sup> emissions, a necessity for building a smart world with the sustainability of intelligent everything. As shown in **Figure 5**, design elements of green IoT refer to developing computing devices, energy efficiency, communication protocols, and networking architectures [57].

The IoT element can be used to eliminate CO<sup>2</sup> emissions, reduce the pollutions and enhance the energy efficiency. Uddin et al. [60] introduced techniques for enhancing the energy efficiency and reducing CO<sup>2</sup> emission for enabling green information technology. Since M2M is equipped with sensors and communication add-ons, these devices can communicate with each other and sense the world. However, sensors will consume high power for executing the tasks. In networking, green IoT aims to identify the location of the relay and number of nodes which satisfy budget constraints and energy saving. To achieve a smart and sustainable world, green IoT plays a significant role in deploying IoT to reduce energy consumption [47], CO<sup>2</sup> emission [61] and pollution [61–63]; exploit environmental conservation [64];

**Figure 4.** Green ICT technologies.

emis-

e-Health gateway can provide services such as fast data processing, storage, and embed-

The IoT can be used in all aspects of transportation such as geo services, collection of data related to passenger counting, communication, and smart ticketing. In [44], Eurotech provides IT solutions that can help in connecting every public transport element and use the technical tools to connect IT infrastructure with sensors and other devices. To enhance the traffic conditions in cities, the Kapsch Group in [45] investigated how Internet technologies

In [46], the authors presented smart factory based on IoT architecture and defined issues such as optimized decision-making, flexibility, remote monitoring, and mass customization, with respect to energy management. By using the proposed mechanism, energy consumption is improved in a smart factory by incorporating energy data into production management.

Water utilization and irrigation can be improved by leveraging weather forecast and farm data, key trends and anomalies, and evapotranspiration index. Building IoT-based smart farming will enable farmers and growers to reduce waste and enhance productivity ranging from the number of journeys the farm vehicles have made to the quantity of fertilizer utilized. In IoT-based smart farming, with the help of sensors such as light, humidity, temperature, soil moisture sensors, a system is built for monitoring the crop field and automating the irrigation system. This system is highly efficient when compared with the conventional approach, and

Because of the increasing awareness of environmental issues all over the world, green IoT technology initiatives should be taken into consideration. The concept of greening IoT refers to the technologies that make the IoT environment more healthy in a friendly way by making use of facilities and storages that enable subscribers to gather, store, access, and manage various information. The enabling technologies for green IoT are called information and communication technologies (ICTs) [47]. ICTs can cause climate change in the world [48–52] because with the growing application of ICT much more energy has been consumed. The consideration for sustainability of ICTs has concentrated on data centers optimization through techniques of

sharing infrastructure, which leads to increasing the energy efficiency, reducing CO<sup>2</sup>

sions and e-waste of material disposals [53]. Greening ICT is enabling technologies for green IoT, which includes green wireless sensor networks (GWSNs), green machine-to-machine

it gives farmers the ability to monitor the field conditions from anywhere.

ded data mining.

can be leveraged.

**3.7. Smart industry**

**3.8. Smart agriculture**

**4. Green IoT**

**3.6. Smart transportation**

114 Telecommunication Networks - Trends and Developments

**5. Applications and services for IoT in smart environments**

**5.1. Real-time information**

**5.3. New business models**

**5.4. Intelligent operations**

**6. Future of IoT**

effective and secure applications.

who supply the goods in the machine.

a cloud infrastructure at an optimal level will also be necessary.

**5.2. Cost-effective cloud-based applications**

ties. This section highlights the main opportunities offered by this environment.

and improve operational efficiency that results in higher customer satisfaction.

The integration of IoT with smart environments has brought about unprecedented opportuni-

Benefits and Challenges of Internet of Things for Telecommunication Networks

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81891

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In an IoT-based smart environment, organizations can collect data about processes and products for analysis in a real-time manner and provide the analyzed information to make appropriate decisions. Based on the decisions taken, the smart environment can rapidly adapt itself

Cost-effective, flexible, and secure cloud-based applications can transform a smart environment into a decision-making platform by collecting data from the environment and transferring them to the cloud through IoT. The key tasks performed in the cloud server are the analysis of these collected data, decision-making, and prediction of environment parameters.

IoT gives companies the ability to build new business models and revenue streams that can create many new business opportunities. IoT has the capability to change the way consumers and businesses follow the world. Therefore, consumers and businesses will require new services that can assist them to explore this ultra-connected, changing landscape. In addition, IoT can enable companies to create new revenue streams and services on top of traditional services, for example, vending machine vendors offering inventory management to those

With rapid growth in IoT devices, the data produced by the IoT also grow exponentially. The management of such huge amounts of data will be a challenge in terms of performance. Designing intelligent cloud operation management solutions that can ensure the working of

Due to the integration of novel concepts as well as the adaption of existing technologies, IoT is still evolving. Thereby, it supports the development of more competitive, realistic, and advanced IoT-based applications. The development of IoT applications based on the client requirements evolves according to the requirements of the users. Moreover, many organizations and interest groups are prepared to standardize IoT-related technologies to ensure more

**Figure 5.** Green IoT environments.

and minimize power consumption [65]. Also, green IoT in [66] is defined as "the study and practice of designing, using, manufacturing, and disposing of servers, computers, and associated subsystems such as monitors, storage devices, printers, and communication network systems efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment." There are three concepts for achieving green IoT, namely, design technologies, leverage technologies, and enabling technologies. Design technologies refer to the energy efficiency of devices, communication protocols, network architectures, and interconnections. Leverage technologies refer to cutting carbon emissions and enhancing energy efficiency. Due to green ICT technologies, green IoT has become more efficient through reducing energy, hazardous emissions, resources consumption, and pollution. Consequently, green IoT leads to preserving natural resources, minimizing technology's impact on the environment and human health, and reducing the cost significantly. Therefore, green IoT is indeed focusing on green manufacturing, green utilization, green design, and green disposal [67]. These issues are described as follows.

