**3.2. Smart buildings**

In terms of cost, accuracy, intrusiveness, and privacy, existing occupancy monitoring approaches were analyzed by Akkaya et al. in [36]. For improving the occupancy detection accuracy in a smart building, they used multi-modal data fusion. In the information fusion techniques, noisy measurements generated from IoT devices are filtered and occupancy status is predicted. To reduce the energy consumption of the smart building, they also investigated how occupancy monitoring techniques could be used with data fusion techniques. EUFP7 IoT is a project to devise authentication and authorization mechanisms for service access protection. To extend the security functionalities stated by the architectural reference model for EUFP7 IoT, the framework was proposed in [37]. In [37], the authors proposed this framework to utilize the available localization data and to implement the access control for services provided in smart building. The proposed framework is based on a service management platform which is a city explorer that implements the key security aspects.

## **3.3. Smart cities**

For urban IoT, the authors in [3] presented a survey on the architectures, protocols, and enabling technologies. They describe link layer technologies, Web service-based IoT architecture, and devices suitable for the urban IoT architecture. To enable various IoT applications, a generic top-down IoT architecture for smart cities was proposed in [38]. The integrated information center run by the IoT service provider is the core element of this architecture. This information center is connected to a set of services, such as water, electrical energy, central gas supply, provided in smart cities. Several technologies that are essential for the realization of smart cities, such as IoT co-building, openness, and convergence, are facilitated by this architecture.

temperature, icing, and tower leaning are visually displayed at the monitoring center. These parameters represent the power transmission lines and operational parameters of the tower. So, the system can implement real-time monitoring and early warnings of disaster for minimizing the damage of smart grid caused by natural disasters. In [41], IoT-based smart grid applications were classified into three types: (a) key equipment state monitoring, (b) information collection, and (c) smart grid control. It also describes the types and characteristics of IoT-based smart grids. As a result, a reference architecture for smart grid IoT based on the characteristics was proposed. There are three layers in this reference architecture: perception layer, transport layer, and application layer. For security protection of IoT-based smart grids, a secure access control system is proposed for ensuring that IoT-based smart grid devices can

Benefits and Challenges of Internet of Things for Telecommunication Networks

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In [42], to monitor, collect, and transmit remote healthcare data, a system architecture based on IoT was proposed. To transfer data to a gateway, IEEE 802.15.4 standard was used and static and adaptive rule engines were developed as well. Through transmitting data based on important parameters extracted from the collected data, these two rules are involved in the decision-making process. As a result, these developed rule engines can minimize network traffic and save energy consumption. To solve issues such as reliability, interoperability, performance, energy efficiency, scalability, and security, the authors in [43] presented a smart e-Health gateway based on IoT. Based on taking responsibility of handling the sensor networks implemented in the remote healthcare center, this smart gateway can address these issues. The authors presented a case study called UTGATE for this smart e-Health gateway. Based on the achieved results from this case study, the smart

securely access the Internet.

**Figure 3.** A pyramid architecture for smart cities [39].

**3.5. Smart health**

In [39], Al-Hader et al. proposed a five-level pyramid architecture for smart cities as shown in **Figure 3**. The bottom layer is the smart infrastructure layer including water, electronics, fire protection, natural gas, electronic communications, and network. The next layer is the smart database resources layer including database server, data resources, and databases. The next layer is the smart building management system layer including building automation, control network, and HVAC. The next layer is the smart interface layer including dashboard, common operational platform, and integrated Web services. The top layer is the smart city. Some of the major functionalities that can be included in smart cities are street lighting, maintenance, waste management, surveillance, building, and emergency health monitoring.
