10. Author's suggestions

As this composition exemplifies, detailed knowledge about the inner workings and relationships of SMBHs and quasars is a cosmological key to understanding the universe we live in. We must be free and able to contemplate and pursue fresh ideas and to let go of unworkable old traditional concepts. For example, we will not solve the mysteries of AGNs until we really understand what happens inside the event horizon of SMBHs. For making progress along these lines, I offer a few suggestions:


## 11. Passing thoughts

There appears to be sufficient evidence to believe that AGNs in massive, mature galaxies are driven by events occurring in central SMBHs; that these black holes have gravitationally accrued matter, primarily in the form of hydrogen atoms, hydrogen ions (protons), and electrons over eons of time; that this matter entered the event horizon via a rapidly spinning (near the speed of light) equatorial accretion disc; that this spinning galactic nucleus causes a strong inter-galactic magnetic field; that this active nucleus periodically ejects material jets from its magnetic poles at relativistic velocities.

We can perhaps get a better picture of structures and processes associated with AGNs by comparison with other similar processes at smaller scales more familiar to us. An axiom of the so-called Perennial Philosophy proclaims: As above, so below. This is generally understood to mean: Structures and processes in the Macrocosm simulate those present in the Microcosm. Certainly, the same basic laws of physics are valid in both domains.

Compare the strong magnetic field effects of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) with the weak magnetic field of planet Earth. Earth's solenoidal magnetic field catches and entraps high-energy ionic particles from the Solar Wind to form the Van Allen Belts, two somewhat distorted toroidal belts surrounding the globe. The inner belt consists primarily of high-energy protons. The much larger outer belt holds mostly high-energy electrons. These particles are forced into helical pathways encircling magnetic field lines. Electrons and protons coming from the sun or from the Van Allen belts can enter the Earth's ionosphere at the magnetic poles, causing aurora displays. Trapped ions in each belt reach the outer layers of the atmosphere at the poles, because there the guiding magnetic field lines curve inwards to the planet's surface.

We should expect similar processes to occur in the ultra-strong magnetic field produced by an AGN, only immensely more intense. As generally believed, an AGN should have a central SMBH that accumulates matter via an accretion disc, where strong gravitational forces impel entire stars, dust, and other non-ionized matter<sup>13</sup> to swirl into the black hole. Because most galactic matter had been orbiting around the galactic core in one direction already, conservation of angular momentum will speed this matter up to relativistic velocities. For this reason, all SMBHs must be rapidly spinning oblate Kerr-type holes.

Observational evidence seems to indicate that AGNs and QSOs are enveloped in strong magnetic fields, with the magnetic poles acting as gates that enable matter to be ejected as material jets at relativistic speeds. In addition to neutral accretion discs, AGNs should also be surrounded by electron belts and by positive heavy-ion belts closer to the event horizon. If, as suggested in Section 2, protons and alpha particles find their way through the event horizon more easily than electrons, then the AGNs would present a surplus negative charge to the outside world. Electric and magnetic fields from the corresponding surplus positive charge within the SMBH are neutralized by electric currents in the event horizon and cannot go beyond it [10]. Hence, a spinning AGN or QSO will appear to be electrically charged and will be the source of its own EM fields.

To explain how jets of matter and QSOs can be ejected out of AGNs, consider galaxies as the atoms of the cosmos. In analogy, charged atomic nuclei have a mass limit beyond which they become unstable and undergo radioactive decay, emitting protons, alpha particles, or ejecting whole portions of nuclear material, as in nuclear fission processes. Similarly, spinning and electrically charged black holes may also have an upper mass limit. They may not be able to compress matter much beyond neutron-star density before they become unstable. Remember that electrical repulsion between protons is 1036 times stronger than their gravitational attraction. Whenever, during the mass accumulation process, AGNs reach the point of inner instability they will eject nuclear material and/or burp out QSOs. The periodicity of such events may be responsible for the apparent redshift quantization observed with quasars. QSOs appear to be born with their own relatively small but charged SMBHs. As these SMBHs become more massive and larger with time, as they travel along their trajectories, the gravitational field gradients at their event horizons become smaller, accounting for their decreasing gravitational redshifts, the farther they travel from their mother AGN.

<sup>13</sup>Like hydrogen atoms and molecules, whose emission lines show up in QSO spectra.

Model of an Evolving and Dynamic Universe: Creation without a Big Bang DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80479

## 12. Summary

This study describes an expanding cosmos that maintains an approximately uniform concentration of galaxies. It explains many observed mysteries, and it addresses inconsistencies in other theories. Galactic velocities and accelerations increase linearly with distance from any observer. Such a universe is shown to be older than 200 Giga-years. The theory has no need to search for large amounts of dark matter to make the universe flat, as there is no overriding requirement for it to be so. We do not have to invent unproven conditions and mechanisms, such as near-infinite energy densities and near-infinite accelerations (as in inflationary periods), to explain the initial phases of creation, and we have no irreconcilable conflicts with observational evidence. The above analysis of the proposed theory shows that the evolution of QSOs may be the most probable creation process needed to keep the number density of galaxies in the cosmos approximately constant in time in an expanding cosmos.
