Alternatives to the Big Bang of the SMC

Chapter 2

Abstract

big bang, CMBR, Olbers' paradox

1. Introduction

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Tired Light Denies the Big Bang

More and more problems related to Big Bang have been appeared in recent years. All the problems are due to the Doppler interpretation of redshift. The "tired light" theory, proposed in 1929 by Zwicky and most recently developed by Shao in 2013, gives a new explanation for redshift. The theory has shown that the redshift is induced from the energy loss of photons by the interaction with material particles on their journey through cosmological space. The basic principles related to the energy transfer are mainly the mass-energy equivalence and the Lorentz theory. Problems, such as super velocity, the horizon problem, the cosmological microwave background radiation, and Olbers' paradox, vanish in the cosmological model of "tired light" theory. The model describes a boundless and timeless Cosmos.

Keywords: tired light, energy loss, photons, cosmological redshift, Lorentz theory,

Cosmology is as old as other branches of sciences, beginning at the ancient Greeks. But modern cosmological study started in the twentieth century, marked by Einstein's theoretical research in 1917 and Hubble's observational investigations in 1929. The Big Bang cosmological model came mainly from Hubble's work. Hubble used the Doppler Effect to interpret what came to be known as the cosmological redshift. The "tired light" hypothesis was proposed by Zwicky in 1929, after Hubble's paper, as an alternative interpretation to that of the Doppler effect for the cosmological redshift [1]. In 1929, Hubble obtained a distanceredshift relation through observations. He then obtained a new relation of

distance-velocity by using the Doppler effect to interpret the redshift. About half a year later after Hubble's paper, Zwicky proposed a "tired light" hypothesis to explain the distance-redshift relation. But the nature of the "tired light" was only vaguely explained in Zwicky's work, so that the "tired light" hypothesis has not been accepted by most cosmologists and astronomers to this day. The Big Bang, after Hubble's work, became the most accepted cosmological model. In recent years, problems related to Big Bang have been more and more clearly realized by

interpretation of the Doppler effect for cosmological redshift. The Big Bang model cannot surmount these problems. Fortunately, the study of "tired light" theory has continued. In 2013, Shao developed the "tired light" hypothesis on the basis of physical principles, that is, (a) electromagnetic field theory, (b) the mass-energy equivalence, (c) the quantum light theory, and (d) the Lorentz theory [2]. Based on these physical principles, the "tired light" theory explains the cosmological

cosmologists and astronomers. Some problems are directly related to the

Ming-Hui Shao, Na Wang and Zhi-Fu Gao

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