**Meet the editors**

Aamir Shahzad has over 14 years of experience of university research and teaching at home and abroad, and due to his continuous efforts the thermophysical properties of materials are now available at graduate and postgraduate levels. Dr. Shahzad received his Post Doctorate and Doctoral degrees from Xi'an Jiaotong University, P.R. China, in 2015 and 2012, respectively. He has pro-

posed novel methods to explore the outcomes of complex materials, which show his aptitude to comprehend computational physics and modeling and molecular simulations together with experimental understanding. Moreover, Dr. Shahzad is currently working in the fields of computational physics and complex fluids/plasmas, in addition to computational nuclear medicine and bio- and energy materials in collaboration with Dr. Sajid Bashir (Principal Scientist, PINUM Cancer Hospital, Pakistan).

Dr. Sajid Bashir received his Doctoral and MSc degrees in Physics from the State University of New York at Albany, USA, in 2015. He received his MSc (Medical Physics) through a fellowship program from the Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, which is a top-ranking institute in Pakistan. He was successful in revealing the phase contrast effect by employing a specialized glass tube in a technique called polycapillary optics. He has published more than 10 international research papers in well-reputed journals and presented his research findings in international and national conferences. Currently, Dr. Sajid is working as a senior medical physicist at PINUM Cancer Hospital and as an adjunct faculty at the Department of Physics, GC University Faisalabad (GCUF), since 2003. Dr. Sajid is a member of a number of international and national scientific and research organizations, including the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, the Pakistan Society of Nuclear Medicine, and the Radiological Society of Pakistan. He is also a recipient of a National Institutes of Health award during his doctorate studies in the USA.

Contents

**Preface VII**

**Medical Science 1** Aamir Shahzad

Chapter 1 **Introductory Chapter: Role of Nuclear Medicine in**

Chapter 2 **Radiation Therapy in Metastatic Neuroblastoma 7** Meenu Gupta and Anupam Dhasmana

Chapter 3 **Effect of Low Dose (Diagnostic X-Rays) on Peripheral White Blood Cells Count in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) 23**

Chapter 4 **An Overview of PET Radiopharmaceuticals in Clinical Use:**

Altimyat, Hasna Albander and Turki Alruwaili

Chapter 6 **Applications of Diagnostic Reference Levels of Standard Doses**

**United States and Europe 35**

Chapter 5 **Applied Radiation Protection Physics 59**

**in Nuclear Medicine 81** Aamir Shahzad and Sajid Bashir

Ya-Yao Huang

Geofery Luntsi, Victory S. Daniel, Chigozie I. Nwobi and Bura T. Paul

**Regulatory, Quality and Pharmacopeia Monographs of the**

Khaled Soliman, Ahmed Alenezi, Abdullah Alrushoud, Salman
