**3. Big data and geographic information system**

Big data and GIS are able to share several aspects together because they are similar in elements of data processing. In **Figure 5**, I show GIS data processing with its elements. There are popular open source or commercialized software and webbased online GIS systems, which play an important role in processing and analyzing GIS data.

First, GIS uses data that contains a location or space, therefore it is displayed in a map or picture form. Recently, aerial or satellite data becomes more and more important as new technologies are introduced. As a location based data, GIS data is usually large-sized as is big data.

Second, GIS collects field data such as street information, Closed Circuit TV (CCTV), or other location-based datasets. If the datasets do not provide location information, GIS technicians should perform a geo-coding process to convert into GIS datasets. People's participation is also an important way to get GIS data; so the participatory GIS system becomes a significant field of GIS. Crawling with search engine robot is also useful tool for obtaining data in GIS.

Third, GIS has web server, geospatial data server, or cloud server for its data storage. These servers can be overlapped one another sometimes, but they have their own territories that cannot be shared. In **Figure 6**, I introduce a basic principle of geo-database for single-user and multi-users with the ESRI's official website information. Geo-database system is crucial to manage complicated structured GIS datasets and their attributes.

Fourth, GIS desktop and online software plays a pivotal role in the rest of process including data processing (building), analysis, and visualization. In the GIS data processing (building), efficient systems included are ArcGIS Online, Google Maps JavaScript API, Here Maps JavaScript API, Microsoft Bing Geocode Dataflow API, and US Census Geocoder. They are helpful for building up geo-coding and mapping coordinates in the database.

Fifth, GIS data analysis contains several functions as **Table 1** briefly shows with ArcGIS analysis toolbox summary. Similar analyses are conducted with other software such as ArcGIS, QGIS, GRASS GIS, GeoDa, CartoDB, Mapbox, and the other desktop or online GIS systems.

#### **Figure 5.**

*GIS data processing and its elements.*

**125**

**Figure 7.**

**Table 1.**

*GIS and Big Data Visualization*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82052*

*GIS data analysis toolbox example with ArcGIS [11].*

*GeoDa desktop software's visualization windows with crime data.*

**Toolsets Description**

Sixth, GIS data visualization intends to display spatial patterns or relationship between or among locations. Popular open source software included here are ArcGIS, Tableau, InstantAtlas, QGIS, SAGA GIS, GeoDa, and MapWindow. These tools are

Extract GIS datasets often contain more data than you need. The Extract

feature class or table. Overlay The Overlay toolset contains tools to overlay multiple feature

Pairwise Overlay The Pairwise Overlay toolset provides an alternative to some of

Proximity The Proximity toolset contains tools that are used to determine

or around them. Statistics The Statistics toolset contains tools that perform standard

tools let you select features and attributes in a feature class or table based on a query (SQL expression) or spatial and attribute extraction. The output features and attributes are stored in a

classes to combine, erase, modify, or update spatial features, resulting in a new feature class. New information is created when overlaying one set of features with another. There are six types of overlay operations; all involve joining two existing sets of features into a single set of features to identify spatial

the proximity of features within one or more feature classes or between two feature classes. These tools can identify features that are closest to one another or calculate the distances between

statistical analysis (such as mean, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation) on attribute data as well as tools that calculate area, length, and count statistics for overlapping and neighboring features. The toolset also includes the Enrich tool that adds demographic facts like population or landscape facts

relationships between the input features.

the tools in the Overlay toolset.

like percent forested to your data.

**124 Figure 6.** *GIS data in the geo-database (GDB) [10].*

*Geographic Information Systems and Science*

**124**

**Figure 6.**

**Figure 5.**

*GIS data processing and its elements.*

*GIS data in the geo-database (GDB) [10].*


#### **Table 1.** *GIS data analysis toolbox example with ArcGIS [11].*

Sixth, GIS data visualization intends to display spatial patterns or relationship between or among locations. Popular open source software included here are ArcGIS, Tableau, InstantAtlas, QGIS, SAGA GIS, GeoDa, and MapWindow. These tools are

actively adapted to big data based software or systems to build up location oriented systems as well as more persuasive graphic works. **Figure 7** shows visualization windows with GeoDa desktop software.
