14. Opportunities with LBS and VGI technology

Availability of cheaper GPS enabled devices, the combination of GIS and GPS and internet has revolutionised the thinking and the service sector. The GPS provides the location data, and the GIS provides the connection regarding service availability. The Cab service which used the M-Commerce technology was able to provide the economical service as the nearest cab gets a ping for the request and upon the acceptance, the service rendered within a short duration. Likewise, even the user can ascertain the availability of cabby observing the position of the taxi. The beauty of the service was even commuters are pooled en route, thereby providing economic service, saving time and conserving environmental resources. The larger cities are having the issue of parking people prefer to use the service at doorsteps; the eateries are now come up with a solution to supply to their doors the Swiggy, Ubereats and Zomato are helping in this regard. The E-Commerce is also utilising the tracking service for the movement of commodities. The consumers and supplier chains are discovering the solutions by establishing in ideal locations. These service sector work opportunities are engaging a prominent figure of the younger contemporaries in their startups. The travel time is helpful in city environments for estimation and trip plan this provision will help even the workers save time and energy with optimal planning and performance. As pervasive and ubiquitous computing concept becomes more and more popular, accurate positioning plays a vital role in the scenario, embedded GPS in smartphones with assisted-GPS-marked a significant improvement in obtaining quick, precise positioning. While location-based applications usually need precise geographic coordinates. Upon the precise position on the map then LBS is requested. The medicine and diagnostic labs are provided services at doorsteps by the pharmaceutical shops and diagnostic laboratories. Some of the non-critical patients can avail the limited service from the doctors and nurses at their residence without visiting the hospital. These services have saved energy, money, time of patient and caretakers.

#### 15. LBS in real estate

provide additional information, and guide the consumer to their desired product. Some method for handover of such applications is needed, without requiring the consumer to re-input product preferences. The GIS area of potential future directions, it is evident that location is merely a starting point for personalisation and context-aware services that use other relevant information when constructing service offers. Moreover, the rapid deployment of alternative wireless technologies, such as WiFi (802.11) is an opportunity and threat for cellular operators, and will likely shape the future development of LBS. Some of the business giants are offering free WiFi service with the advertisement, and even telecom operators are also in

Pull: In the case of a pull service the user issues a request and access the LBS he/ she wants. The requirements or interest of the user is displayed. For, e.g., a tourist roams in a strange city and wants to obtain information about the closest restau-

Push: in the case of a push service, the service provider issues request to the user. For, e.g., location-based advertising, which informs users about the merchan-

Tracking: In a tracking service, the primary thought is that someone (user or service) puts out a request to place the other mobile station (users, vehicles, fleet). Courier tracking, tourist vehicle tracking, With the entire fleet on the central map, the solution led to the best use of the fleet through route optimisation, resource utilisation reports, intelligent trip analytics, online and SMS-based data management. The solution provided has made it efficient and productive also making the vehicles safe for transportation. School Bus Tracking is designed to manage the fleet of buses effortlessly by transforming them into Smart Buses. It guarantees the safety of a minor. Parents stay aware of the whereabouts of children at all times. Parents

this line.

166

Table 1.

Location-based service applications.

Geographic Information Systems and Science

13. Types of location-based services

dise of their interest located at nearby shops.

also kept updated using this service.

rants to his current position.

The initiative like the E-Governance, E-Commerce to publish the spatial information of property details of Government/public lands along with land use restrictions for private properties. Thus, by saving time and money spent on legal proceedings. Thus mitigates the property encroachments. The crowdsourcing and the civil policing can fetch the latest information on incidences of encroachments, thus reducing the patrolling cost for the authorities.

Fast actions in cases of reports can be persuaded, thus reducing requisition and demolition costs drastically. Crowdsourcing and publication of spatial information on government properties and land use restrictions can prevent the further land encroachments. The data collected from healthy group volunteers will always be in quantitatively and qualitatively massive comparison with the one organisation and will lead towards big data in the future course. With the GIS the facility there is increased, refinement in the search. The geographical search for buildings can base on the criteria of school transport facility, sports complex, health aspects will narrow down to the required information. With the help of VGI service providers have come up for LBS of regular property visits with detailed reports including photo and video coverage(upon the long absence), collecting mail, water and electric bills and their payments with payment confirmation reports, collecting rents, assisting in insurance plans and claims, legal service regarding the documentation and encumbrances.
