7. Why is VGI required?

Any single organisation cannot generate the significant spatial data. The developed nations are also striving hard to update the national maps saving forbidding them to be obsolete. The Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is becoming popular in this regard as the origin of spatial data. This technology still being in its amateur stage, refinement of the protocols of the data model structure and the standardisation is under continuous evaluation. The purpose of spatial information also invites the citizens for volunteered contribution. Introduction and encouragement for spatial data utilisation in school curriculum become a significant achievement in systematic learning. There has already been a drive for environmental awareness and its protection. They can further be augmented by smartphone-based apps to explore and protect the natural resources leading to sustainable development.

The urge for reliable information is growing day by day. No single organisation could provide the domain information at pace with the dynamics of spatial data; hence the VGI system becomes an indispensable component. The well-distributed crowd as access to all the geographical locations and chances of omission becomes remote. The web servers that provide the information instantly by crowdsourcing methods the chance of visiting all the places is high; thereby updating the maps available on the web to be the latest is the best possible solution. There is an everincreasing demand for reliable geospatial information among the public. The expenditure of surveying and spatial data collection is becoming very expensive. The availability of map/digital data in national mapping agency is obsolete; to keep the map updated in real time the option of crowd editing seems to be the only solutions. The governmental mapping agency used to embrace the strict methods of extensive surveying and mapping with the modern engineering science of mathematical function. The update and refresh rates of data for urban areas are often rapid in OSM. However, in many developing countries The citizen-based mapping using the satellite imageries are usually far superior to the mapping products generated by the national mapping agency in those countries [9].

#### 8. Data structure

The advantages of the on fly transformations have become accessible to mash-up spatial data from different sources and integrate them. The scale-free digital data in ground terms have the advantage of displaying on various scales.

The open street maps, wiki maps have provided a platform for volunteers to enter/edit/delete any geospatial element thus providing a broad range of tools for editing. Web 2.0 has changed the internet from a passive to an active experience where users can participate [11]. With the advent of web 2.0, the user can actively participate in the live mode and upload and download data comment share and even compose maps online.

Moreover, the beauty of the system is that multiple persons can update the map simultaneously by sitting at various locations. Some of its outstanding contributions are Crowdsourcing, collective intelligence, web service, data sovereignty and design for flexibility. The mashup can combine a map source with reliable information,

#### Volunteered Geographic Information System and Its Contribution in Service Sector Employment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82004

and people can create a latest interactive map on the Geoweb using an Application Programming Interface (API) with little or no programming knowledge [11].

Intelligence drives the semantic web, and it delivers the information which the person needs and precisely for the observers requested location. The report of the flood, weather, and traffic information is shared instantly for the location of the user. The user likes and needs like restaurants; tourist place enroot of the journey is displayed with voice responses.

Geographical features grouped into point, line, area and volume features. Geographical names of location displayed as text features. Some of the descriptive remarks also shown as text. Some attributes highlighted as tooltips upon pointer location. The point and area features are interchangeable depending upon the scale displayed. The line features generally depict the continues features like the roads and railway and rivers. The linear features are communicative they are also used for network analysis (for finding the shortest path or shortest duration). The surface features depicted as contours and hillside. The boundary lines and contour lines are imaginary lines which will not be visible on the ground and extracted by different means. Boundary lines are surveyed by locating the existing pillars and interpolating the remaining portions from the sketch. The contours are stereo photogrammetrically plotted using overlapped aerial photos or by scanning through the RAdio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) or Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensors. The point features are a symbolic representation of features for visual communication. The area features have a commendable geographical extent. The forests, cultivable area, artificial lakes and town limits shown as area features. For visualisation purposes, the line features are classified based on styles, thickness and colour. For area features like water bodies and forest, natural colours blue and green used. The point symbols are cartographic symbols used similar to the profile and planned symbols, the plan symbols like the well and huts appear as displayed from the zenith, the profile symbols are as it appears from the observer's position like the temple and trees. More or less of the conventional symbols are utilised by the institutes like the hospital and police station are used in the maps.

The data model structure of the spatial database for national mapping depended on the publication scale of the map. The scale-free digital data, there will be ambiguity while determining features. However, the standardisation of symbols with data model structure can resolve many issues.

While displaying, it should be carefully generalised, emphasising the important while removing the unimportant, group the information both thematically and perceptually with attention to visual hierarchy. The good cartographic design principles to adhere to modern interaction design paradigms [14, 15]. Furthermore, researchers in the cartography and geo visualisation domain have taken a keen interest in cognitive, and usability issues and much progress has been made to understand how human capacity can enhance or limit our experiences with visual displays [16–20].

## 9. Data quality, redundancy and challenges

The topological relations are crucial for the spatial data avoiding Dangles, Overshoots, and Slivers creates an error-free spatial data. Proper snapping and registration between neighbouring features assure topologically clean data. The relations like neighbourhood adjacency should be the thought in high schools like the logical gates and regular mathematics by adding to the curriculum. However, video lectures training helps amateurs in generating a topologically clean data. Such acts of necessary learning create interests and increase volunteered contribution. The use

data at the floor level if available through crowdsourcing makes the complete GIS of citizen charter. The spatial information can facilitate E-Governess and decision

Any single organisation cannot generate the significant spatial data. The developed nations are also striving hard to update the national maps saving forbidding them to be obsolete. The Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is becoming popular in this regard as the origin of spatial data. This technology still being in its amateur stage, refinement of the protocols of the data model structure and the standardisation is under continuous evaluation. The purpose of spatial information also invites the citizens for volunteered contribution. Introduction and encouragement for spatial data utilisation in school curriculum become a significant achievement in systematic learning. There has already been a drive for environmental awareness and its protection. They can further be augmented by smartphone-based apps to explore and protect the natural resources leading to

The urge for reliable information is growing day by day. No single organisation could provide the domain information at pace with the dynamics of spatial data; hence the VGI system becomes an indispensable component. The well-distributed crowd as access to all the geographical locations and chances of omission becomes remote. The web servers that provide the information instantly by crowdsourcing methods the chance of visiting all the places is high; thereby updating the maps available on the web to be the latest is the best possible solution. There is an everincreasing demand for reliable geospatial information among the public. The expenditure of surveying and spatial data collection is becoming very expensive. The availability of map/digital data in national mapping agency is obsolete; to keep the map updated in real time the option of crowd editing seems to be the only solutions. The governmental mapping agency used to embrace the strict methods of extensive surveying and mapping with the modern engineering science of mathematical function. The update and refresh rates of data for urban areas are often rapid in OSM. However, in many developing countries The citizen-based mapping using the satellite imageries are usually far superior to the mapping products gen-

The advantages of the on fly transformations have become accessible to mash-up spatial data from different sources and integrate them. The scale-free digital data in

Moreover, the beauty of the system is that multiple persons can update the map simultaneously by sitting at various locations. Some of its outstanding contributions are Crowdsourcing, collective intelligence, web service, data sovereignty and design for flexibility. The mashup can combine a map source with reliable information,

The open street maps, wiki maps have provided a platform for volunteers to enter/edit/delete any geospatial element thus providing a broad range of tools for editing. Web 2.0 has changed the internet from a passive to an active experience where users can participate [11]. With the advent of web 2.0, the user can actively participate in the live mode and upload and download data comment share and

erated by the national mapping agency in those countries [9].

ground terms have the advantage of displaying on various scales.

support system.

7. Why is VGI required?

Geographic Information Systems and Science

sustainable development.

8. Data structure

even compose maps online.

162

of structured query language helps to extract the information. Some of the tools like auto snapping and continuation tools correct the errors automatically. Citizens, experts, and non-experts alike are increasingly participating in the process of creating seamless spatial information and collaborating with others management skills in problem-solving tasks [9]. We have active citizens effectively engaged in the sharing of information, amateurs preferably depict the places of public importance, where the transformation occurs. The location app on the smartphone enables them to acquire the spatial details. The VGI created by amateurs may have minor identification and positional errors, but in large they give the latest information. Upon use of GPS positional errors are negligible regarding the location-based applications. However, they can opt in a drop-down menu to choose the skill set of the user.

numbers they become the identification marks in identifying the relative location of the concerned space. Well, identifiable places should be made mandatory by the concerned road and railway department to share in the public domain. It is essential to integrate real-time in situ field data, remotely sensed data and geo-information system data for processing and analysis tools into a systematic framework aiming at handling complex geospatial data at the global scale [3]. The integration of remotely sensed environmental (thermal, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) data into a GIS platform can aid in a better understanding of the spatial–temporal dynamics of a wide range of Earth/ecological/disease systems, especially those with

Volunteered Geographic Information System and Its Contribution in Service Sector Employment

The geo-tagged spatial information like the pictures, videos through modern smartphones and camera becomes first information report to have the ground truth. Photos and videos are all cameras with drones are an added advantage to access the damage happened, and also they give a hint to the rescue team in assists. Digital signatures and geotagged photos confirm the prompt delivery of goods. The natural resources that are of aesthetic, cultural and economic value can also be published for its best use while giving impetus to local tourism and revenue

The broad sector of services that can be thought off rely on users' location information, although the E-markets are finding their way. The main point is to remember that location is the useful bit of data that can be used to extract access to many types of geographical information and services. There are numerous ways to capitalise on location to provide more relevant, useful information, or derive new services. It can be particularly compelling when combined with other user profile to offer personalised, and location sensitive responses to customers [24, 25] differentiates emergency services, mobile operator services, and value-added services (VAS), focusing on the latter category as an opportunity in the expansion

Location-based application areas identified: communication, fleet management, routing, safety, security, and entertainment. Their services classified according to whether they apply to consumers, business customers, or employees in a firm as described in Table 1 which are customary. Most likely, LBS can provide combinations of available revenue models. The customers may be offered the choice between the advertiser and non-advertiser-supported services, with the former

Existing proposals from operators and standardisation bodies specify a priority scheme whereby the core network elements (e.g.. Home Location Registers) have master control on location information. The disclosure of such information to other agencies (e.g., location servers, LBS serving nodes, Application Service Provider (ASP) is subject to subscriber needs (e.g., registration information) and regulatory

The heterogeneity in user service needs is likely to be a feature of location-based events. It is crucial to develop suitably flexible middleware to support application developers in a 'pick-and-mix' approach to combining devices, networks and sensors. Upon entering the business, a local Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) network may

provided free of cost and the latter charged for service.

spatial/environmental correlates [3, 23].

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82004

11. Visual reporting

12. Location-based service

generation.

of E-Commerce.

frameworks.

165

The most faced challenges are the redundancy of Information. The prominent, easily accessible features crowded with the multiple entries shall optimistically view as the confirmation of information and also instigate the community waking of the public towards urban ecology. Like the Wikipedia, the, if the hierarchal system of data checking and accepting entries and edits adheres, along with data validation eliminates the noise. The geospatial information, thus generated can serve the humanity. The quarry based data collection and verification from registered active volunteers near the incidence aims at the protection and building awareness by the participatory public and ascertaining through physical verification in case of violations. Web published maps are reliable; real-time updated latest information is a modern gadget in everybody hand for geospatial information.

The reluctance showed on the part of contemporary governments to accept, use and disseminate crowd-sourced data for some valid reasons, such as data accuracy, reliability, and authenticity; technological and human resource limitations; and because they do not source from 'authoritative' organisation [12, 21]. Many countries launched their national virtual globes in the web portal for national spatial data; some example is French-Geoportal (http://www.geoportail.fr/) and India-Bhuvan (http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/). With the progress in science technology and data infrastructures, policies of the open government, the public sector is no longer contemplate to be the sole arbiter and producer of state knowledge, and it no longer maintains an institutional monopoly [12, 22].

#### 10. Relative spatial data sharing from other agencies

Adopting data exchange and interoperability specifications allow the fusion of heterogeneous systems and different data in one platform. The rapidly developing study of 3D mapping and modelling of the Earth holds commitment for implementation at the planetary scale [3]. Easy-to-use and intuitive virtual globe technologies have distinct advantages over conventional GIS [3]. Designing a user-friendly application for mash-up and API for determining the violations of natural resources. Descriptive information about the migratory water folks, the growth of aquatic weeds and quality and table of underground water should be web published every year to ensure the very existence of lakes in its state of health. The dissemination of knowledge and data for the end user will create a geospatial database by volunteers that serve the entire world.

The topographical information like the hydrology, land cover and hypsography are difficult for amateurs in representing as they require skill, training and experience in depicting the data. The imaginary lines like the political/administrative/ revenue boundaries are useful if appended to the crowd-sourced digital data. The kilometre stones and kilometre numbers/bridges which associates itself with corresponding details of road and railway, and canals, lamp post numbers, pillar

Volunteered Geographic Information System and Its Contribution in Service Sector Employment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82004

numbers they become the identification marks in identifying the relative location of the concerned space. Well, identifiable places should be made mandatory by the concerned road and railway department to share in the public domain. It is essential to integrate real-time in situ field data, remotely sensed data and geo-information system data for processing and analysis tools into a systematic framework aiming at handling complex geospatial data at the global scale [3]. The integration of remotely sensed environmental (thermal, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) data into a GIS platform can aid in a better understanding of the spatial–temporal dynamics of a wide range of Earth/ecological/disease systems, especially those with spatial/environmental correlates [3, 23].

## 11. Visual reporting

of structured query language helps to extract the information. Some of the tools like auto snapping and continuation tools correct the errors automatically. Citizens, experts, and non-experts alike are increasingly participating in the process of creating seamless spatial information and collaborating with others management skills in problem-solving tasks [9]. We have active citizens effectively engaged in the sharing of information, amateurs preferably depict the places of public importance, where the transformation occurs. The location app on the smartphone enables them to acquire the spatial details. The VGI created by amateurs may have minor identification and positional errors, but in large they give the latest information. Upon use of GPS positional errors are negligible regarding the location-based applications. However, they can opt in a drop-down menu to choose the skill set of the user. The most faced challenges are the redundancy of Information. The prominent, easily accessible features crowded with the multiple entries shall optimistically view as the confirmation of information and also instigate the community waking of the public towards urban ecology. Like the Wikipedia, the, if the hierarchal system of data checking and accepting entries and edits adheres, along with data validation eliminates the noise. The geospatial information, thus generated can serve the humanity. The quarry based data collection and verification from registered active volunteers near the incidence aims at the protection and building awareness by the participatory public and ascertaining through physical verification in case of violations. Web published maps are reliable; real-time updated latest information is a

modern gadget in everybody hand for geospatial information.

10. Relative spatial data sharing from other agencies

maintains an institutional monopoly [12, 22].

Geographic Information Systems and Science

that serve the entire world.

164

The reluctance showed on the part of contemporary governments to accept, use and disseminate crowd-sourced data for some valid reasons, such as data accuracy, reliability, and authenticity; technological and human resource limitations; and because they do not source from 'authoritative' organisation [12, 21]. Many countries launched their national virtual globes in the web portal for national spatial data; some example is French-Geoportal (http://www.geoportail.fr/) and India-Bhuvan (http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/). With the progress in science technology and data infrastructures, policies of the open government, the public sector is no longer contemplate to be the sole arbiter and producer of state knowledge, and it no longer

Adopting data exchange and interoperability specifications allow the fusion of heterogeneous systems and different data in one platform. The rapidly developing study of 3D mapping and modelling of the Earth holds commitment for implementation at the planetary scale [3]. Easy-to-use and intuitive virtual globe technologies have distinct advantages over conventional GIS [3]. Designing a user-friendly application for mash-up and API for determining the violations of natural resources. Descriptive information about the migratory water folks, the growth of aquatic weeds and quality and table of underground water should be web published every year to ensure the very existence of lakes in its state of health. The dissemination of knowledge and data for the end user will create a geospatial database by volunteers

The topographical information like the hydrology, land cover and hypsography are difficult for amateurs in representing as they require skill, training and experience in depicting the data. The imaginary lines like the political/administrative/ revenue boundaries are useful if appended to the crowd-sourced digital data. The kilometre stones and kilometre numbers/bridges which associates itself with corresponding details of road and railway, and canals, lamp post numbers, pillar

The geo-tagged spatial information like the pictures, videos through modern smartphones and camera becomes first information report to have the ground truth. Photos and videos are all cameras with drones are an added advantage to access the damage happened, and also they give a hint to the rescue team in assists. Digital signatures and geotagged photos confirm the prompt delivery of goods. The natural resources that are of aesthetic, cultural and economic value can also be published for its best use while giving impetus to local tourism and revenue generation.
