**2.1 Exposure conditions**

Three test conditions were selected in this study to investigate the short term effect of the exposure of the fabricated coir reinforced polymer composite to an acidic medium. According to Mahmoud and Tantawi [31], who investigated the effects of various aggressive acids including HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, and H3PO4 on glass FRP composites, H2SO4 had a more pronounced effect than the other acids used in their experiments. Additionally, H2SO4 is one of agents which FRP components are generally exposed to. Therefore it was used as the acid solution for this study. The condition is an H2SO4 solution with pH 2.2 at room temperature. Exposure periods

*Fillers - Synthesis, Characterization and Industrial Application*

Among the natural fibers, it is pertinent to note that coir is essentially utilized

in view of its low cost, durability among other advantages [8]. Coir has been accounted for as having the highest extension at break among common natural fibers, which allows it absorb strain more than other fibers [9–11]. Reinforcing polymer, for example, polyethylene with natural fiber/particulates to produce polymer composites has gained significant consideration because of their intrinsic properties [12]. Glass fiber has been an interesting option as reinforcement, however, despite the fact that glass fiber reinforced plastics have high quality, their fields of use are exceptionally restricted on account of its inherent higher cost of production [13]. By reason of this, natural fiber reinforced composites have been suggested for use industrially in the off-shore oil and gas industry, in addition to application as composite pipelines, for storage tanks, fluid handling and chemical processing equipment, etc. Therefore from the economic point of view, natural fiber and lignocelluloses, for example, coir and coconut shell powder has remarkable properties as reinforcement/fillers in plastics. Coconut shell particules have become essential as a reinforcement material because of some natural properties like high strength and high modulus [14]. It is worth noting that increment in coconut shell content improves the mechanical strength and water absorption properties

of polymer composites, nonetheless, it lessens the stretching at break [15].

of corrosive environments (acidic and alkaline). In this way, it is pertinent to note that the influence of exposure or attack of polymer materials to corrosive environments may be quite difficult to notice. It is possible that the material may seem normal but in actual sense may have become embrittled and the mechanical properties may have deteriorated. These mechanically stressed polymers which are exposed to corrosive environments may have crack initiation on the surfaces which propagates by reason of the inherent stresses or with continued exposure to chemical attack. The degradation pathway could occur when the acid, salt or alkaline solution diffuses through the surface and reaches the laminates of the polymer or a situation where the solution penetrates the laminate through micro cracks or other deficiencies/imperfections which may have resulted during the processing stage of

In a variety of industrial applications, composite materials are under the attack

Nonetheless, by reason of the continued usage of fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) and the ambiguities in environmental conditions, etc., the degradation of FRPs in corrosive environments have not been examined in detail. A lot of studies on the durability of FRP composites have laid much emphasis on glass, aramid and carbon composites [16]. Generally, carbon based FRPs are not affected by most corrosive environments. In line with this, to the best of our knowledge, scanty reports are available for the degradation resistance of natural FRPs. For instance, Sindhu et al. [17] studied the reduction of the mechanical properties of coir/polyester and glass/polyester composites under the action of different solvents and environmental weathering. These properties increased with increased aging, but the mechanical properties of samples aged by water, acid and environmental weathering displayed a decrease in their properties. In another study, the resistance of basalt fibers in alkaline solution was noticed to be better than that of glass fibers while the acid

According to Gill [20], the versatile high performance applications of natural fiber composites, like coir, can replace glass and carbon fibers. It has also been noticed that a considerable level of research have focused mainly on the performance of glass FRP composites in highly corrosive environments. Amaro et al. [21] subjected glass FRP samples in HCl and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions at room temperature (25 °C) for 12, 14 and 36 days. This was followed by conducting experiments on the degradation of mechanical properties. It was concluded that the flexural and impact

**36**

the polymer.

resistance was found to be poorer [18, 19].

of 14 and 28 days (14P and 28P) were considered. The sample not exposed to the acid solution was used as control.
