**3. Handling climate change**

**4.** The types of allometric equations formulated include allometric equations based on types of forest, types of tree, and the parts of trees. For example: *Swietenia mahogany*, Y = 0.9029

where Y is the total biomass of trunk, branch, and leaf; D is the diameter at breast height; and H the total height. The total biomass of five combined tree species (*Swietenia mahogany, Dalbergia latifolia, Tectona grandis, Paraserianthes falcataria, and Acacia auriculiformis*) Y

primary and secondary forests and D is the liana diameter; Y = 2.55 + 0.416 L, where Y is the stem biomass and L is the liana length [14]; for young rain tree or *Albizia saman,* Y = −10,31

also the relationships between above-ground dry plant biomass and stem diameter of liana [16] and bamboo [17–19]. Generally, several generalized allometric equations for tropical forests have been established and also widely used. Unfortunately, application of such generalized equations to individual sites may lead to large errors in biomass estimates especially when the species concerned is poorly represented by the generalized models. In

where X1 = Diameter and X<sup>2</sup>

this case, local allometric models are needed to give an accurate estimation [20].

tree or from the strata of the lower plants on the forest floor.

stumps with a diameter greater than the specified diameter.

In a forest carbon inventory, a calculated carbon pool contains at least four pools of carbon. The pools of carbon are above- and below-ground biomass, dead organic matter, and soil

**1.** The above-ground biomass is all living material above the ground, including stems, stumps, branches, bark, seeds, and leaves from the vegetation either from the strata of the

**2.** The below-ground biomass is all biomass of plant roots that is alive. This root meaning is valid up to a certain diameter set. This is done because plant roots with diameters smaller than the provisions tend to be difficult to distinguish from soil organic matter and also

**3.** Dead organic materials include dead wood and litter. Litter declared as all organic materials die with a diameter smaller than the diameter that has been established with various levels of decomposition located at the ground surface. Dead wood is all dead organic matter that is not covered in litter either standing or falling on the ground, dead roots, and

**4.** Soil organic carbon contains carbon in mineral soil and soils organic including peat.

Remote sensing satellites have been used in many studies on forest biomass successfully. The use of remote sensing is increasingly widespread after supported by the use of spatial analysis in the geographical information system (GIS). That is why the making of forest biomass maps and other thematic maps has been done for many purposes. Remote sensing applications have been able to estimate forest structure and biophysical parameters such as land cover, crown closure, stand height, leaf area index, biomass, volume, etc. The advantages of remote sensing applications include systematic repetition scope with spectral and spatial consistency, the ability to monitor areas of interest over time, suitability for large area coverage,

.H)1.0102 [13]; Y = 0.262 + 1.934 D where Y is the total liana biomass in tropical

.H)0.6394; and Tectona grandis, Y= 0.0149 (D<sup>2</sup>

= Height [15]. Besides that, there are

.H)1.0835

(D<sup>2</sup>

= 0.0219(D<sup>2</sup>

organic carbon.

litter.

0.50 + 1820.89X<sup>1</sup> + 10.89X<sup>2</sup>

8 Renewable Resources and Biorefineries

.H)0.6840; *Dalbergia latifolia*, Y= 0.7458 (D<sup>2</sup>

Efforts to address climate change have been made by the international community through greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction programs with avoided deforestation and forest degradation through the afforestation/reforestation clean development mechanism (A/R CDM), reducing emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD+), Joint Implementation (JI), and voluntary carbon market (VCM) schemes.
