**2. Nanomaterial influence in art and life**

Nanomaterials and nanoparticles are involved in various applications such as sensor, catalysis, electronics, and plasmonic devices [5, 7]. The application of gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles is swiftly growing in biotechnology [5–8] to detect and recognize DNA and proteins [29]. They want to achieve the particular instrument and sensor for cancer diagnosis and cancer therapy [30].

Nanomaterials and nanoparticles have more application in medicine, industry, and art. The interface of art, science, and technology is nanotechnology. The effects of nanotechnology on art has been proven during Medieval perfectly, when artists unaware of this technology. The recent achievements of nanoparticles in the field of art have examined, and the techniques employed in the creation of works of art have been identified. These techniques include Medieval artisans were the first nanotechnologists. They made coloured glass or stained glass that are an important element in the ancient history and architecture [31]. The stained glass is attractive and multifunctional. On the other hand, Roman glass cage cup shows a verity of colors which are related to the direction of the light. When the light comes out from the back, it shows a red color, and it illustrates green color when the ligth reflects to different angle. Those stained glass and Roman glass cage cup [32] are attractive and multifunctional. They are good suggestion for dramatics phenomenon which have almost died, and there are no longer practices on the traditional theater stage. Artistic may give advantage to change modern performance of puppet show, which has been very popular in Malaysia as Wayang Kulit Kelantan*.* In addition, the stain glass windows may impact on the principle of performing the iconography, the visual images, and symbols used in the ceramic works of art and for interpretation of storytelling. Those traditional stories on ceramic works of art derived on the 'pictorial curtain' as a traditional Iranian play provided an opportunity for dramatizing situations that give way to mourning. Therefore, nanoparticles not only are able to revival some rituals but also can make a modern stage for those forgotten traditions.

X-ray, or UV-ray with chemical material. Gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles have significant chemical, biological, and physical properties. They are anti-concern, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory, and can improve the fluorescence properties of polymer composites. They are used to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors based on conducting polymer. Hence, the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is considerable in medicine and nanotechnology research. Laser ablation is a green and simple method for fabricating the metal nanoparticles without surfactant or chemical addition. Advantages of laser ablation technique are simplicity, the high purity of the nanoparticles, the ability to prepare variety metals and ceramics, and the in-situ dispersion of the nanoparticles in a variety of liquids [1]. Because the liquids have cooling effect and confinement effect and they cause the oxidation or reduction [2, 3] of particles. Metal nanoparticles have the plasmonic effect in the green and red part of the UV-visible spectrum due to scattering and absorb the photon. This effect depends on scattering cross section of metal nanoparticles which is higher than organic chromophores [4]. Some organic material can cap the metal nanoparticles [5]. Moreover, they have stable chemical and physical properties including high-temperature resistance, photo-irradiation, high acids or oxidation resistance [6–8], and catalytic properties [9, 10]. Therefore, the metal nanoparticles were used to enhance the response of biomaterial or organic material. Numerous methods including solution phase [11], photochemical [12], sonochemical [13], electrochemical synthesis [14], photolytic reduction [15], radiolytic reduction [16], solvent extraction reduction [17], microemulsion technique [18], polyol method [19], and microwave irradiation [20] were used to synthesize and disperse gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles in various mediums. These methods are based on chemical reaction or interaction of material with external field. Briefly, the photochemical method is based on absorption of light for conducting the chemical reaction. The sonochemical and microwave methods are based on concerned with application of ultrasound and microwave, respectively, for initiation of chemical reaction in liquid. Other methods, such as electrochemical synthesis photolytic reduction radiolytic reduction, solvent extraction reduction, microemulsion technique, and polyol methods, are based on chemical reaction in the liquids and reduction of another form of salted metals. But, laser ablation method is based on interaction of laser with metal plate and the nanoparticle formed and

Moreover, metal nanoparticles were dispersed into inorganic and organic materials including

In this chapter, the significance of metal nanoparticle in art and life, the mechanism of laser ablation technique to form the nanoparticle in liquid, laser ablation setup, and the significant

Nanomaterials and nanoparticles are involved in various applications such as sensor, catalysis, electronics, and plasmonic devices [5, 7]. The application of gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles is swiftly growing in biotechnology [5–8] to detect and recognize DNA and proteins [29]. They want to achieve the particular instrument and sensor for cancer diagnosis

parameters of laser ablation for fabrication of metal nanoparticles are presented.

water [21], acetone [22], oil [23–26], chitosan [27], and PVA [28].

**2. Nanomaterial influence in art and life**

dispersed in the liquid.

64 Laser Technology and its Applications

and cancer therapy [30].

The discussion on how to improve nanotechnology in science cannot be held without a general discussion on the impact of nanomaterial on human life. The impact of nano is felt in different areas, including music, particularly in the manufacturing of musical instrument, and visual art (Nanoforart), performing arts in specie in set design. More so, modern lifestyle has also experienced the introduction of nanotechnology in the production and supply of clothing and foods. Nanotechnology is regarded as a new, edge-cutting, and emerging technology with promising scientific advancement for the production of exceptional compact electronic devices, enhancing of food shelf life, medical advancement, and the production of unique cosmetics. More so, nanotechnology is a technology that is capable of enhancing the production of quality clothing, energy saving devices, and quality packaging that are capable of impacting daily living. It involves manipulating matter on near atomic scale for the production of new structures, systems, and devices [33]. Through this, healthy, efficient and sustainable systems can be created by combining science, art, and technology. In fact, the emergence of nanotechnology can be seen as the introduction of newer and more relevant topics than the ones that have gained much attention in time past, such as the techniques which were discovered by the Medieval artisans. The first nanotechnologists were the Medieval artisans who produced stained glass windows, which are significant elements of ancient history [34]. Recently, the field of art has experienced the use of nanoparticles for the production of nanowires for musical instruments such as photonic guitar. Reference to *materials by design:* the integration of proteins and music exposes the manner in which fiber rotation from proteins can be changed into music. Nanoparticles have properties that are important for use as biomaterials, for drug delivery, as composites of lightweight, and as functional coatings. Constructing hierarchical assemblies of less complex building blocks into architectures that are complex with superior properties is one of the emerging areas in the design of such materials. This approach is reviewed using a case study of silk, which is regarded as a biomaterial that can be genetically processed and programmed. Silk inherently functions as a multipurpose protein fiber with hierarchical organization for the purpose of providing structural support, for eggs protection, and prey procurement. In addition, knowledge abstraction from the physical system enables the conversion of silk to a mathematical model through the use of category theory. This allows the translation of the mechanism of spinning fibers from protein into music, using a process which allocates a set of rules governing the system construction. The structure, properties, and mechanisms of the materials can be expressed in an entirely different domain, which is music. Science and art can be combined through the classification of structure-property relationships as a new way of creating new bioinspired materials by means of translating the mechanisms and structures from unique hierarchical systems within the framework of the integration of science and art through categorization of structure-property relationships presents a novel paradigm to create new bioinspired materials, through the translation of structures and mechanisms from distinct hierarchical systems and in the context of the inadequate number of building blocks that generally rules these systems [35]. The prototyped use of fiber strain sensors has been experienced in the area of music recording. Using this finding, a new use of low noise fiber optic strain sensors in music, especially in constructing a photonic guitar, is described in this article [36].

of these formulations. The reduction of penetration into the immovable artwork's matrix of porosity with regard to that occurring with organic solvents is another advantage of systems that are water-based. This causes the avoidance of redissolution of polymer into the artifact. The NANOFORART project has progressed above the state-of the-art and developed into a technique for the production of new nanoparticle-based substance which

**2.** According to Giorgi et al. [40], it has been found that the acidity of paper can be neutralized using alcoholic dispersions of calcium and magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles. More so, this alcoholic dispersion can be used in generating carbonate alkaline reserve

is prevented. There has been a positive response to this method. One of the major advantages of this method is that the penetration of nanosized particles into the paper fibers is enhanced alongside a rapid carbonation as a result of their high surface reactivity. Again, with this method, the stabilization of alkaline nanoparticles requires no surfactants. There is minimal catalytic activity of iron and copper when pH is close to being neutral. The implication of this is that a definite control of the acidity/alkalinity of paper can enhance the reduction in the rate of oxidation degradation by means of Fenton reactions (as cited in

**3.** In addition, the toxicity and effect of the cleaning methods can appear through the use of pure organic solvents. The use of solvent gels, which was first advocated for in the 1990s, permits the solvent localization and, in some case, the decrease in penetration of solvent into underlying layers of paint. However, the removal of solvent gels as well as their residues from a paint surface is often difficult. This is one of the problems which will be addressed in the current proposal. They use precise quantities of clean liquid control

The mechanism of laser ablation depends on physical properties of metals and environment medium. Therefore, the ablation of metals is an intricate subject [42–44]. Ablation of metal target commences with the sorption of laser beam energy. When the laser beam interacts with the metal target, the heat can generate and the photoionization of the metal target can occur. After that, metal nanoparticles will be released from the metal plate as the different phase that depends on the absorbed energy E [42], and plasma plume expands [43–45]. Hence, if the duration of laser ablation is much higher than the laser pulse duration, the ablation depth (*La*

3, *t*

*<sup>a</sup>* <sup>≈</sup> *<sup>E</sup>*\_\_1

are the time of the ablation process, the electronic temperature during the

from air) through which further degradation

Laser Ablation Technique for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle in Liquid

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80374

67

)

2, (1)

can be used for plastering, stones, stucco, and wall paintings [39].

directly, without damaging the image or leaving residues [41].

**3. Laser ablation mechanism and metal nanoparticles formation**

(after the reaction of the hydroxide with CO<sup>2</sup>

Baglioni et al. [37], p. 317) [40].

could be obtained as follows:

, and *t*<sup>1</sup>

Where *ta*

, *Te*

*La* <sup>≈</sup> *<sup>E</sup>*\_\_2

ablation process, and the laser pulse duration, respectively [6, 42].

On the other hand, a novel category of nano-based products was developed by the FP7 projects known as MEMORI (Measurement, Effect Assessment and Mitigation of Pollutant Impact on Movable Cultural Assets—Innovative Research for Market Transfer) and NANOFORART (nanomaterials for the conservation and preservation of movable and immovable artworks); the European Union funded this project which are aimed at creating greener and safer protection from regular products. According to the EU, the beauty of artworks can be manifested through the cleaning and preservation of art, but the environment, in the long run, should not be damaged by the products and chemicals which will be used. The purpose of this project was to develop and protect cultural assets that are environmentally friendly, through the use of advanced materials and methods [37].

In order to safely clean and preserve art works, the various materials used in their creation must be uniquely adapted products of conservation. There are a number of limitations associated with the use of traditional products, and they include relying on hard-matter solvents, toxic materials, layers of incompatible coatings, or even causing damage to materials such as leather or paper, which are water-sensitive. According to the Baglioni, who is the project manager of EU, money could be saved through the use of Nanoforart's products. The project manager added that such works have longer lifespan than those developed using conventional materials and are safe enough for tourist sites not to be shut down during the work [38]. By modifying nanotechnology, the discovery of some techniques which can be used in cleaning products was made; all the methods had their own unique protection advantages which are described below:

**1.** Nanocontainers and micellar solutions, when compared to the conventional methods which are based on pure solvents, are better with faster performance and less health risk as well as ecotoxicity. This is as result of the use of pure organic solvents which make up less than 5% of the formulations with water being the major (95%) solvent component of these formulations. The reduction of penetration into the immovable artwork's matrix of porosity with regard to that occurring with organic solvents is another advantage of systems that are water-based. This causes the avoidance of redissolution of polymer into the artifact. The NANOFORART project has progressed above the state-of the-art and developed into a technique for the production of new nanoparticle-based substance which can be used for plastering, stones, stucco, and wall paintings [39].

biomaterial that can be genetically processed and programmed. Silk inherently functions as a multipurpose protein fiber with hierarchical organization for the purpose of providing structural support, for eggs protection, and prey procurement. In addition, knowledge abstraction from the physical system enables the conversion of silk to a mathematical model through the use of category theory. This allows the translation of the mechanism of spinning fibers from protein into music, using a process which allocates a set of rules governing the system construction. The structure, properties, and mechanisms of the materials can be expressed in an entirely different domain, which is music. Science and art can be combined through the classification of structure-property relationships as a new way of creating new bioinspired materials by means of translating the mechanisms and structures from unique hierarchical systems within the framework of the integration of science and art through categorization of structure-property relationships presents a novel paradigm to create new bioinspired materials, through the translation of structures and mechanisms from distinct hierarchical systems and in the context of the inadequate number of building blocks that generally rules these systems [35]. The prototyped use of fiber strain sensors has been experienced in the area of music recording. Using this finding, a new use of low noise fiber optic strain sensors in music,

especially in constructing a photonic guitar, is described in this article [36].

of advanced materials and methods [37].

66 Laser Technology and its Applications

which are described below:

On the other hand, a novel category of nano-based products was developed by the FP7 projects known as MEMORI (Measurement, Effect Assessment and Mitigation of Pollutant Impact on Movable Cultural Assets—Innovative Research for Market Transfer) and NANOFORART (nanomaterials for the conservation and preservation of movable and immovable artworks); the European Union funded this project which are aimed at creating greener and safer protection from regular products. According to the EU, the beauty of artworks can be manifested through the cleaning and preservation of art, but the environment, in the long run, should not be damaged by the products and chemicals which will be used. The purpose of this project was to develop and protect cultural assets that are environmentally friendly, through the use

In order to safely clean and preserve art works, the various materials used in their creation must be uniquely adapted products of conservation. There are a number of limitations associated with the use of traditional products, and they include relying on hard-matter solvents, toxic materials, layers of incompatible coatings, or even causing damage to materials such as leather or paper, which are water-sensitive. According to the Baglioni, who is the project manager of EU, money could be saved through the use of Nanoforart's products. The project manager added that such works have longer lifespan than those developed using conventional materials and are safe enough for tourist sites not to be shut down during the work [38]. By modifying nanotechnology, the discovery of some techniques which can be used in cleaning products was made; all the methods had their own unique protection advantages

**1.** Nanocontainers and micellar solutions, when compared to the conventional methods which are based on pure solvents, are better with faster performance and less health risk as well as ecotoxicity. This is as result of the use of pure organic solvents which make up less than 5% of the formulations with water being the major (95%) solvent component

