1. Introduction

The quest to understand human origins is a significant factor that propels the conduct of scientific research in space. This quest is been sustained by advances in space exploration technology. Advances in space exploration technology have made it possible to increase human understanding of the origins of the universe with improved ability to understand events such as the Big Bang. The Big Bang is considered to be the epoch that led to the beginning of the universe [1–3]. The emergence of the Big Bang theory has led to the necessity of conducting a search to find supporting evidence.

Besides, the quest to understand the evolution of the universe; there is also an interest in understanding human evolution. The concept of evolution has been considered to play a crucial role in the emergence of modern humans. Humans and the universe share a common trait in their emergence and continued existence. This

#### Planetology - Future Explorations

common trait is seen in the role that light plays in the role of the evolution of the universe and humans. The role of light is less appreciated in the evolution of humans than in the universe. This is because of the significant effort and the duration that has been invested in studying the role of light photons in the universe. The role of photons in a scientific study of the universe can be seen in domains such as optical astronomy [4]. Photons also play an important role in humans as seen in the existence of bio-photons [5–7]. Therefore, light has played an important role in human evolution too.

2. Background and existing work

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86809

Mars rovers.

science case.

for further analysis.

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dence of a life supporting climate.

advanced instrumentation have not been presented.

Mars has been considered as a suitable location that can be studied to increase human knowledge on the existence of extra-terrestrial life [13]. This is because Mars shows patterns of planetary evolution and climate change. Mars exploration is also appealing because Mars is accessible to Spacecraft launched from earth. Several research groups have been established aiming to engage in Mars exploration missions. Two research groups in this regard are the Mars Exploration Program Analy-

Johnson et al. [14] discuss MEPAG's Mars exploration initiative. It is recognised

technology across multi-disciplinary domains. The required technical capabilities comprise: (1) Mars surface access at different altitude and elevations, (2) Mars environment characterisation, (3) life detection and (4) age dating. Environment

compositions at various locations on Mars. The realization of these tasks in a Mars

Mars exploration missions aim to analyse Mars's environment and probe its composition. The composition of Mars can be found in two types of records [13]. These are the chemical record and physical record. Each record targets the detection of a different type of bio-signature. The physical record refers to the analysis of the weather and climate in the environment of the planet Mars. The chemical record refers to organic compounds that enable the support of biological mechanisms in terrestrial life. In addition, deployed Mars exploration vehicles search for an evi-

The detection of elements belonging to the bio-signature in either physical or

The discussion in [14] focuses on the components of a Mars exploration campaign. It presents a hierarchy of the objectives enabling the realization of the science goal for a Mars exploration mission. Though the role of advanced instrumentation is recognised; algorithms, theories and perspectives that can motivate the design of

The choice of instrumentation is also influenced by the sample return expected from a Mars exploration mission. Mars missions can be classified as Mars return sample missions and non-Mars return sample missions. The Mars return sample mission aims to deploy Mars vehicles that take samples from Mars and brings them to earth for further analysis. The sample(s) is the deliverable in the Mars return sample missions. Non-Mars sample return missions are those in which the deployed Mars vehicle aims to execute analysis on Mars and obtain results. The results are relayed to the earth via an integrated telecommunications system

The discussion in [13, 14] describes the objectives of the MEPAG in 2009. It is important to consider how changes in science case influence the instrumentation and the goals of Mars exploration missions. This is because of changing interests in the outer space exploration and how technology advancement influence Mars exploration missions. A change that has occurred in Mars exploration is an increase in the number of space agencies seeking to participate in Mars exploration missions [15]. Another change arises due to technological advancements leading to the use of small satellites in Mars exploration missions. The emergence of small satellites has

chemical record requires the use of appropriate instrumentation. Suitable instrumentation is also required to obtain information from a Mars exploration mission. The choice of instrumentation technology is determined by the

sis Group (MEPAG) and the outer planet assessment group (OPAG).

Generic Computing-Assisted Geometric Search for Human Design and Origins

that a successful Mars exploration campaign requires the development of

characterisation requires the dynamic evaluation of chemical and isotopic

exploration mission requires the design and launch of instrumentation on

The notion created by the concept of the Big Bang as being the first event in the universe is that the universe first emerged and that humans appeared and evolved at a later epoch. The implication of this notion is that the existence of the universe is thought to precede human appearance and continued evolution. This does not consider the perspective that human evolution can have an extra-terrestrial influence. However, the alternative perspective presented in the Panspermia theory considers that human evolution has an extra-terrestrial influence. The incorporation of an extra-terrestrial influence on human evolution implies that evolutionary actions influencing the emergence of the universe and humans could have evolved at the same epoch. Such a perspective is supported by the Panspermia theory.

The Panspermia theory presented is of the opinion that life was seeded in outer space [8–11]. Though, there is an argument against the Panspermia theory [12], the theory should not be discarded. This is because of the possibility of the extinction of biological life in outer space making these challenging to observe in comparison to the ability to directly observe life-forms on the earth.

The discussion here proposes that the aggregation of life-forms leaves a geometric trace in outer-space. This perspective differs from the theory underlying the Panspermia theory that has motivated astrobiology research. The discussion in this chapter considers that the observation of life forms can be done from two lenses. These lenses are those of geometry traces associated with lifeforms and that of biology. The consideration of the geometry traces associated with life-forms provides an opportunity to design a paradigm suitable for investigating the validity of the Panspermia theory from the geometrical perspective. The novel perspective being presented proposes that geometry traces associated with life-forms are present in the extra-terrestrial environment. These traces constitute the evidence of life originating from outer-space as advocated in the Panspermia theory.

The contribution of this chapter is twofold. The first contribution is that the chapter presents the Mars geometrical Panspermia theory as an alternative paradigm for investigating the emergence of humans. The Mars geometrical Panspermia theory advocates that geometrical traces emerging from different aggregation patterns of life forms are present in the meteorites on Mars. The aggregation is considered feasible because Mars can support simple life forms such as Bacteria.

The chapter's second contribution is the design of low cost network architecture for conducting Mars exploration missions aimed at verifying the Mars geometrical Panspermia theory. The low cost network is intended for use by space organizations in developing nations. These space organizations being considered are those with limited capital and limited space engineering capacities.

The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the background and existing work. Section 3 presents a mathematical framework describing the Martian geometric Panspermia theory. Section 4 describes the proposed Mars based geometric Panspermia theory. Section 5 focuses on the proposed low cost network architecture. Section 6 concludes the chapter.
