4. Proposed Mars geometric Panspermia theory: verification

The Mars geometry Panspermia theory being proposed opines that geometric form pre-determination precedes the appearance of life-forms on earth. The geometric form pre-determination process is considered to leave behind traces in the planet Mars. The usage of the term pre-determination is intended to depict the execution of action(s) related to geometric form pre-determination at an epoch prior to the appearance of earthly life. The earlier epoch being implied here occurs on the planet Mars. The pre-determination process is considered to leave traces in Mars and specifically in Mars's meteorites. These traces are in the Mars's meteorites and can be discovered by the process of scanning Mars.

In the proposed Mars meteorite scanning, Mars's meteorites are considered to deliver the functionality of life conveying locations and that of the life recording locations. This is because Mars's meteorites have been found on the earth while other meteorites remain on the planet Mars. Meteorites from Mars have been found to have traces of life from Mars's environment as seen in [30].

Worth et al. in [31] opines that Mars's meteorites play an important role in lithopanspermia. They point out that some Martian meteorites have been suspected to have organic bio-markers. In [31], rock exchange between planets is theorized and considered to play an important role in inter-planetary life seeding and transfer. However, the discussion focuses on the rock (meteorite) transfer process as being responsible for the propagation of life throughout the universe. It does not consider the underlying process that has motivated the emergence of the different life forms that can be found on Mars's meteorites. This is because [31] have focused on the transfer mechanisms and details of the rock transfer process such as transfer rates.

Steffen et al. [32] share the same perspective with Worth et al. [31] and consider that life conveying biological material may have been exchanged between planets. The planets being considered exist in a multi-habitable system. Steffen et al. [32] recognise that the consideration of a multi-habitable system has implications on the propagation of life within the solar system and also outside the solar system. The

#### Generic Computing-Assisted Geometric Search for Human Design and Origins DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86809

focus in [32] is on analysing the ejection mechanics and dynamics associated with exchanging life conveying biological material between planets.

The research focus on the Panspermia theory as seen in [31, 32] considers that life is propagated throughout the universe (within the solar system and outside the solar system). The focus has been on analysing the dynamics and investigating the relations between planets to enable life transfer to the earth. Mars has been widely considered as a planet from which life was seeded to the earth [10, 31–35]. The discussion in this chapter opines that the microbes and micro-organisms involved in the Panspermia life transfer process engage in different computational tasks. The execution of these computational tasks is considered feasible because earth based microorganisms such bacteria have been observed to engage in computational behaviour. This has led to the emergence of research in bacteria computing [36, 37].

In the discussion here, the Panspermia theory is considered to include the computational activities executed by microorganisms on meteorites sited in Mars. The evidence of such computation occurring on Martian meteorites is observed by Mars rovers and transmitted to the earth via a communication network.

Mars's meteorites play an important role in the Panspermia theory. They provide an environment enabling the interaction of microorganisms with astro-materials. Therefore, the meteorites can be considered as life recording locations. The ability of meteorites to move from Mars to earth motivates their consideration as life conveying locations. In the proposed Martian scanning, meteorites that are life recording locations are based on Mars. These meteorites are scanned within the Martian environment. The results from the scanning process are used to verify the proposed Martian geometric Panspermia theory.

In the proposed Mars geometric Panspermia theory, the geometry associated with life-form aggregation is considered to be determined via a native microorganism optimization computation procedure. The optimization procedure aims to determine the geometry of different life-form aggregations. The geometry being implied is described in the two dimensional and three dimensional representations of different life-forms. The dimension of the geometry being considered is in the range of nanometers to millimeters.

The Mars scanning procedure is executed using Mars rovers and Mars based transceivers. The Mars rover hosts data storage payload that hosts multi-spectral, multi-angular and high resolution images of different life-form aggregation.

In addition, the Mars rovers hosts payload that can detect geometry of life forms with pre-defined dimensions. In this case, the dimension lies in the range of nanometers to millimeters. The Mars based transceiver transmits the detected results (from the Mars exploration mission) to earth via a communication network. The communication network receives results from the Mars rovers via the Mars based transceivers and sends it to an earth station. The scanning procedure is executed in a distributed manner. The geometrical forms are obtained in two dimensional and three dimensional representations. The geometrical forms are transmitted to an earth station via a communication network. Each Mars rover is pre-loaded with geometrical forms of different life-form aggregations that can be found in earth based life forms.

Let θ<sup>1</sup> and θ<sup>2</sup> denote the set of geometrical forms on images in the Martian rover and geometry of aggregates of different life-forms in Mars's meteorite respectively. A match is considered to occur if ð Þ θ1∩θ<sup>2</sup> 6¼ ∅. The verification of the proposed theory takes place in the following steps:

1.Initial cell aggregation image generation—This stage enables the generation of high resolution images of different aggregates of different life forms. The

4. Proposed Mars geometric Panspermia theory: verification

and can be discovered by the process of scanning Mars.

Figure 1.

114

geometrical Panspermia theory.

Planetology - Future Explorations

to have traces of life from Mars's environment as seen in [30].

The Mars geometry Panspermia theory being proposed opines that geometric form pre-determination precedes the appearance of life-forms on earth. The geometric form pre-determination process is considered to leave behind traces in the planet Mars. The usage of the term pre-determination is intended to depict the execution of action(s) related to geometric form pre-determination at an epoch prior to the appearance of earthly life. The earlier epoch being implied here occurs on the planet Mars. The pre-determination process is considered to leave traces in Mars and specifically in Mars's meteorites. These traces are in the Mars's meteorites

Relations between life recording locations, life conveying mechanisms, Mars and earth as proposed in the Mars

In the proposed Mars meteorite scanning, Mars's meteorites are considered to deliver the functionality of life conveying locations and that of the life recording locations. This is because Mars's meteorites have been found on the earth while other meteorites remain on the planet Mars. Meteorites from Mars have been found

Worth et al. in [31] opines that Mars's meteorites play an important role in lithopanspermia. They point out that some Martian meteorites have been suspected to have organic bio-markers. In [31], rock exchange between planets is theorized and considered to play an important role in inter-planetary life seeding and transfer. However, the discussion focuses on the rock (meteorite) transfer process as being responsible for the propagation of life throughout the universe. It does not consider the underlying process that has motivated the emergence of the different life forms that can be found on Mars's meteorites. This is because [31] have focused on the transfer mechanisms and details of the rock transfer process such as transfer rates. Steffen et al. [32] share the same perspective with Worth et al. [31] and consider that life conveying biological material may have been exchanged between planets. The planets being considered exist in a multi-habitable system. Steffen et al. [32] recognise that the consideration of a multi-habitable system has implications on the propagation of life within the solar system and also outside the solar system. The

process takes place on earth and allows the two dimensional and three dimensional representations of cell aggregates to be uploaded on the Mars's rovers intended for launch. The images obtained are stored and processed prior to being uploaded to the Mars's rover intended for launch from earth to Mars.


integrated transceiver. The existence of a bidirectional link between the storage payload with integrated transceiver and the open source earth station also allows the computational results to be accessible to the capital constrained space

Relations between the earth entities and the Martian entities in the proposed Martian geometrical search.

Generic Computing-Assisted Geometric Search for Human Design and Origins

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86809

The computational algorithm used to execute the operation in ð Þ θ1∩θ<sup>2</sup> is an

The artificial neural network is developed on the earth prior to launching the Mars based rover. It is trained with the high resolution images of different geometric forms for different cell aggregates, i.e., tissues and organs. This encodes the geometry of the high resolution images in the artificial neural network. The developed artificial neural network is installed on the data storage payload before launch. The artificial neural network is trained to receive geometrical forms from Mars meteorites as input. The predicted output of the artificial neural network is the

The successful execution of the computational procedure and transmission of computational result requires the availability of supporting network architecture. The design of network architecture should consider the preferences and resources

In this chapter, space organizations are considered in two categories. The first kind of space organization is that of a developed and technologically advanced nation. Examples of such space organizations are the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA). These space agencies have access to significant amount of resources to conduct interplanetary space missions. The first kind of space organization has resources to undertake Mars exploration missions aimed at verifying the proposed Mars geometrical

The second kind of space organization is that of a developing nation. Space organizations in this category do not have access to significant amount of resources required to conduct interplanetary space missions. However, this does not necessarily hold true for space agencies in the second category. The scarcity of resources in developing nations limits their ability to realize Mars communication networks. The network architecture being proposed is intended for use by space agencies in

The proposed network architecture comprises two entities. These are the ground based entity and the space based entity. In the proposed network, communications

organization.

Figure 2.

artificial neural network.

5. Network architecture

Panspermia theory.

the second category.

117

value of the binary comparison indicator.

available to the concerned space organization.

4.Computational algorithm update stage—The computational algorithm update stage enables the image processing algorithm on the Mars based rover to be updated. This is necessary to continuously improve the result of the scanning process and prevent technology obsolescence. The update is executed by transmitting algorithms for improved image comparison and comparison results processing. The transmission that enables the execution of the update is received by the data storage payload which is connected to the Mars based transceiver. The Mars based transceiver receives the update information from communication satellites that receive the forwarded data from earth orbiting communication satellites which communicate with the earth station.

The relations between the stages of initial cell aggregation generation, high resolution image distribution, computational stage and computational algorithm update stage is shown in Figure 2. The scenario in Figure 2 shows the process of executing the stages involved in the Mars geometrical search procedure. The cell aggregation generation procedure is executed on earth by acquiring high definition images of life-form aggregates in an earth based database. These high definition images are transferred from the database to the open source ground station entity. The open source ground station transmits the images and the geometrical outline information to the Mars based storage payload (with integrated transceiver). The images are transmitted from the storage payload with integrated transceiver to the Mars based rover via an upload process. The process scanning meteorites on Mars begins after uploading to the Mars based rover.

A bidirectional link exists between the Mars based rover and the storage payload with transceiver. The existence of the bidirectional link also enables the computational results from the Mars based rover to be sent to the storage payload with

Generic Computing-Assisted Geometric Search for Human Design and Origins DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86809

Figure 2.

process takes place on earth and allows the two dimensional and three dimensional representations of cell aggregates to be uploaded on the Mars's rovers intended for launch. The images obtained are stored and processed prior to being uploaded to the Mars's rover intended for launch from earth to Mars.

2. High resolution image distribution—This stage enables the generated two dimensional and three dimensional images to be uploaded on Mars's rovers intended for launch. The images to be uploaded to each Mars based rover will

exploration mission is focused on detecting geometrical patterns of aggregates of different life forms. The stage of high resolution image distribution is

3. Computational stage—The computation requiring the execution of the image comparison takes place aboard the Mars based rover. The image comparison algorithm aims to verify if the condition ð Þ θ1∩θ<sup>2</sup> 6¼ ∅ or ð Þ¼ θ1∩θ<sup>2</sup> ∅ holds true. The proposed Mars geometric Panspermia theory is verified to hold true if ð Þ θ1∩θ<sup>2</sup> 6¼ ∅. In this case, the Mars rover stores the outputs of the image compression procedure for the concerned Mars based meteorite and geometry of life form. The outputs of the image compression process are the (i) Binary comparison indicator, (ii) Mars's meteorite ID and (iii) Stored geometric form ID. The binary comparison indicator has a value of zero if ð Þ¼ θ1∩θ<sup>2</sup> ∅ and a value of one if ð Þ θ1∩θ<sup>2</sup> 6¼ ∅. The Mars's meteorite ID is the name that is commonly used to refer to Mars's meteorite. The geometric form ID is a numeric index that is assigned to a high resolution image being uploaded to the

4.Computational algorithm update stage—The computational algorithm update stage enables the image processing algorithm on the Mars based rover to be updated. This is necessary to continuously improve the result of the scanning process and prevent technology obsolescence. The update is executed by transmitting algorithms for improved image comparison and comparison results processing. The transmission that enables the execution of the update is received by the data storage payload which is connected to the Mars based transceiver. The Mars based transceiver receives the update information from communication satellites that receive the forwarded data from earth orbiting

communication satellites which communicate with the earth station.

begins after uploading to the Mars based rover.

116

The relations between the stages of initial cell aggregation generation, high resolution image distribution, computational stage and computational algorithm update stage is shown in Figure 2. The scenario in Figure 2 shows the process of executing the stages involved in the Mars geometrical search procedure. The cell aggregation generation procedure is executed on earth by acquiring high definition images of life-form aggregates in an earth based database. These high definition images are transferred from the database to the open source ground station entity. The open source ground station transmits the images and the geometrical outline information to the Mars based storage payload (with integrated transceiver). The images are transmitted from the storage payload with integrated transceiver to the Mars based rover via an upload process. The process scanning meteorites on Mars

A bidirectional link exists between the Mars based rover and the storage payload with transceiver. The existence of the bidirectional link also enables the computational results from the Mars based rover to be sent to the storage payload with

be influenced by the objectives of the Mars exploration mission. The

executed prior to the launch of rovers to Mars.

Mars rover.

Planetology - Future Explorations

Relations between the earth entities and the Martian entities in the proposed Martian geometrical search.

integrated transceiver. The existence of a bidirectional link between the storage payload with integrated transceiver and the open source earth station also allows the computational results to be accessible to the capital constrained space organization.

The computational algorithm used to execute the operation in ð Þ θ1∩θ<sup>2</sup> is an artificial neural network.

The artificial neural network is developed on the earth prior to launching the Mars based rover. It is trained with the high resolution images of different geometric forms for different cell aggregates, i.e., tissues and organs. This encodes the geometry of the high resolution images in the artificial neural network. The developed artificial neural network is installed on the data storage payload before launch. The artificial neural network is trained to receive geometrical forms from Mars meteorites as input. The predicted output of the artificial neural network is the value of the binary comparison indicator.

#### 5. Network architecture

The successful execution of the computational procedure and transmission of computational result requires the availability of supporting network architecture. The design of network architecture should consider the preferences and resources available to the concerned space organization.

In this chapter, space organizations are considered in two categories. The first kind of space organization is that of a developed and technologically advanced nation. Examples of such space organizations are the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA). These space agencies have access to significant amount of resources to conduct interplanetary space missions. The first kind of space organization has resources to undertake Mars exploration missions aimed at verifying the proposed Mars geometrical Panspermia theory.

The second kind of space organization is that of a developing nation. Space organizations in this category do not have access to significant amount of resources required to conduct interplanetary space missions. However, this does not necessarily hold true for space agencies in the second category. The scarcity of resources in developing nations limits their ability to realize Mars communication networks. The network architecture being proposed is intended for use by space agencies in the second category.

The proposed network architecture comprises two entities. These are the ground based entity and the space based entity. In the proposed network, communications

is bidirectional. The downlink communications involves the transmission of information from Mars to earth. The uplink communication involves the transmission of information from earth to Mars.

The ground based entity comprises components such as earth stations, data processing and computing sub-entity (DPCE), communication payload reconfiguration sub-entity (CPCE). The earth stations relay information to a Mars based data storage payload. The Mars based data storage payload hosts updated information on high definition two dimensional and three dimensional images of life-form aggregates. The high definition images show the geometry of the concerned life-form aggregates. The Mars based data storage payload receives information from a Mars orbiter.

The DPCE is a ground based entity owned by the space organization in a developing country. It aggregates the high resolution images of cell aggregates from different sources. In addition, it hosts the high resolution images of cell-aggregates. The content of the DPCE is dependent on the science mission of Mars exploration. In the case where geometrical forms of humans are being sought, the DPCE's contents are high resolution images of cell aggregates of humans. The DPCE's contents are transferred to the Mars based data storage payload via a network of ground stations or communication satellites.

The network architecture showing the role of the DPCE, CPCE and Martian based transceivers is shown in Figure 3. The scenario in Figure 3 shows the case where a capital constrained space organization with one DPCE having access to one

Relations between earth based and Mars based entities involved in the Martian geometrical search paradigm.

In the network architecture shown in Figure 3, the DPCE communicates with the CPCE (an SDR) via an internet call. The internet call enables the transfer of images and geometrical forms from the DPCE to the CPCE. The CPCE has reconfigurable and temporal data storage capability. The CPCE enables the earth station to transmit the data to the Mars based storage payload with integrated

The network architecture can be implemented by a single nation or either multiple nations. The concerned nations are those with capital constrained space organizations. The use of open source ground stations for a given time to transmit data to Mars. The capital constrained space organizations make use of the open source ground station antenna for a given time. The scenario presented in Figure 3 assumes that the capital constrained space organization is able to afford the design,

However, the costs of designing and launching a rover to Mars can easily approach tens of billions of dollars thereby overwhelming the economic capability of developing countries. For example, the cost of developing Curiosity approaches USD 2.5 billion. The cost of launching multiple rovers increases beyond the financial capability of developing nations. Nevertheless, capital constrained space organizations need to be able to investigate the Martian geometrical Panspermia theory. The discussion here proposes the concept of Martian rover data sharing. In Martian rover data sharing, the data obtained by a Martian rover owned by a technologically advanced nation is shared with capital constrained space organization. The sharing is done without disrupting the scientific objective of the technologically advanced nation. The sharing is unaffected by power limitations because

The discussion in this chapter presents a new perspective in investigating human origins. The new perspective is called the Mars geometry Panspermia theory. However, the new perspective opines that the emergence of human life was preceded by pre-determining the geometry of different life forms aggregate. The evidence for

earth station from the open source ground station network.

Generic Computing-Assisted Geometric Search for Human Design and Origins

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86809

production and launch of the Martian rovers.

the concerned Mars rover is nuclear powered.

transceiver.

Figure 3.

6. Conclusion

119

The CPCE enables the configuration of the communication payload that links the DPCE to the Mars based data storage payload. It co-ordinates and monitors the process of data transfer between the Mars based data storage payload, Martian rovers and the DPCE. The DPCE communicates with the Mars based data storage payload via open source ground stations.

The use of open source ground stations is suitable for capital constrained space organizations in developing countries. In the proposed model, space organization seeking to execute Mars exploration missions can make use of open source ground stations with expansive global coverage. This approach is feasible due to the development of open source software [38] and open source hardware [39–41].

However, the use of open source hardware and software approach has not been widely considered in developing components for Martian missions in developing nations. The use of open source paradigm is beginning to gain recognition for space exploration and satellite applications. Examples of open source initiatives for developing satellites are Kubos [42], NASA Virtual ADAPT [43, 44], and the open satellite project [45]. The examples in [42–45] have focused on development of open source satellite software. In this regard, space exploration and technology has adopted the open source software development approach. The open source approach has also been considered for developing satellite hardware. The UPSat initiative is an example of a case where open source approach has been used for satellite hardware development [46, 47]. This initiative is sponsored by the Libre space foundation [48]. The Libre space foundation aims to create open source space technologies for future space applications. The organization is also playing a leading role in the development of open source satellite earth stations in its satellite networked open ground station (SATNOGs) initiative. The SATNOGs initiative intends to make the development of the ground and space segments of a satellite network open to the public. It comprises crowdsourced satellites whose information is held in a database [49].

The space organization with insufficient capital and in a developing country can access the type of database in [48] to determine if it can communicate with a Mars based transceiver. The output of this procedure is a ground station or multiple ground stations that can be used to communicate with the Mars based transceiver. This communication can be used to realize Mars rover data sharing between technologically advanced and non-technologically advanced nations.

Generic Computing-Assisted Geometric Search for Human Design and Origins DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86809

Figure 3. Relations between earth based and Mars based entities involved in the Martian geometrical search paradigm.

The network architecture showing the role of the DPCE, CPCE and Martian based transceivers is shown in Figure 3. The scenario in Figure 3 shows the case where a capital constrained space organization with one DPCE having access to one earth station from the open source ground station network.

In the network architecture shown in Figure 3, the DPCE communicates with the CPCE (an SDR) via an internet call. The internet call enables the transfer of images and geometrical forms from the DPCE to the CPCE. The CPCE has reconfigurable and temporal data storage capability. The CPCE enables the earth station to transmit the data to the Mars based storage payload with integrated transceiver.

The network architecture can be implemented by a single nation or either multiple nations. The concerned nations are those with capital constrained space organizations. The use of open source ground stations for a given time to transmit data to Mars. The capital constrained space organizations make use of the open source ground station antenna for a given time. The scenario presented in Figure 3 assumes that the capital constrained space organization is able to afford the design, production and launch of the Martian rovers.

However, the costs of designing and launching a rover to Mars can easily approach tens of billions of dollars thereby overwhelming the economic capability of developing countries. For example, the cost of developing Curiosity approaches USD 2.5 billion. The cost of launching multiple rovers increases beyond the financial capability of developing nations. Nevertheless, capital constrained space organizations need to be able to investigate the Martian geometrical Panspermia theory.

The discussion here proposes the concept of Martian rover data sharing. In Martian rover data sharing, the data obtained by a Martian rover owned by a technologically advanced nation is shared with capital constrained space organization. The sharing is done without disrupting the scientific objective of the technologically advanced nation. The sharing is unaffected by power limitations because the concerned Mars rover is nuclear powered.

### 6. Conclusion

The discussion in this chapter presents a new perspective in investigating human origins. The new perspective is called the Mars geometry Panspermia theory. However, the new perspective opines that the emergence of human life was preceded by pre-determining the geometry of different life forms aggregate. The evidence for

is bidirectional. The downlink communications involves the transmission of information from Mars to earth. The uplink communication involves the transmission of

The ground based entity comprises components such as earth stations, data processing and computing sub-entity (DPCE), communication payload reconfiguration sub-entity (CPCE). The earth stations relay information to a Mars based data storage payload. The Mars based data storage payload hosts updated information on high definition two dimensional and three dimensional images of life-form aggregates. The high definition images show the geometry of the concerned life-form aggregates. The Mars based data storage payload receives

The DPCE is a ground based entity owned by the space organization in a devel-

The CPCE enables the configuration of the communication payload that links the DPCE to the Mars based data storage payload. It co-ordinates and monitors the process of data transfer between the Mars based data storage payload, Martian rovers and the DPCE. The DPCE communicates with the Mars based data storage

The use of open source ground stations is suitable for capital constrained space organizations in developing countries. In the proposed model, space organization seeking to execute Mars exploration missions can make use of open source ground stations with expansive global coverage. This approach is feasible due to the development of open source software [38] and open source hardware [39–41].

However, the use of open source hardware and software approach has not been widely considered in developing components for Martian missions in developing nations. The use of open source paradigm is beginning to gain recognition for space exploration and satellite applications. Examples of open source initiatives for developing satellites are Kubos [42], NASA Virtual ADAPT [43, 44], and the open satellite project [45]. The examples in [42–45] have focused on development of open source satellite software. In this regard, space exploration and technology has

adopted the open source software development approach. The open source approach has also been considered for developing satellite hardware. The UPSat initiative is an example of a case where open source approach has been used for satellite hardware development [46, 47]. This initiative is sponsored by the Libre space foundation [48]. The Libre space foundation aims to create open source space technologies for future space applications. The organization is also playing a leading

role in the development of open source satellite earth stations in its satellite networked open ground station (SATNOGs) initiative. The SATNOGs initiative intends to make the development of the ground and space segments of a satellite network open to the public. It comprises crowdsourced satellites whose information

nologically advanced and non-technologically advanced nations.

The space organization with insufficient capital and in a developing country can access the type of database in [48] to determine if it can communicate with a Mars based transceiver. The output of this procedure is a ground station or multiple ground stations that can be used to communicate with the Mars based transceiver. This communication can be used to realize Mars rover data sharing between tech-

oping country. It aggregates the high resolution images of cell aggregates from different sources. In addition, it hosts the high resolution images of cell-aggregates. The content of the DPCE is dependent on the science mission of Mars exploration. In the case where geometrical forms of humans are being sought, the DPCE's contents are high resolution images of cell aggregates of humans. The DPCE's contents are transferred to the Mars based data storage payload via a network of

information from earth to Mars.

Planetology - Future Explorations

information from a Mars orbiter.

ground stations or communication satellites.

payload via open source ground stations.

is held in a database [49].

118
