**Author details**

#### Vaso Kecojević

Address all correspondence to: keckons@gmail.com

Department for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia

## **References**

decrease in range of motion, quadriceps atrophy, locking, and lack of knee extension. If tear of discoid meniscus occurs, symptoms can be severe pain, knee locking, and inability to bear weight, and snapping during knee flexion-extension. Sometimes, the patient complains of knee instability, due to posterior meniscofemoral ligament. In symptomatic types, the method

Discoid meniscus, despite numerous studies, remains a great unknown. There is no conclusive evidence on the cause of discoid shape, or what causes its further design. The differences that exist with respect to normal histological meniscus are largely documented. The lack of histological study of the ultrastructure is reflected in the fact that the samples obtained during arthroscopic surgery were parts of symptomatic discoid meniscus. An undamaged and complete discoid meniscus that is asymptomatic is almost impossible to examine histologically, as this would lead to deterioration of the knee joint. Nevertheless, the first studies give us a

I would like to thank Alma Brakus, MD, department of radiology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina,

of treatment choice is operative, which will be explained in other chapters.

**Figure 3.** An MRI axial view. Note the difference in the volume of the lateral meniscus.

**3. Conclusion**

116 Histology

guideline for further work.

**Acknowledgements**

Novi Sad, for the MRI pictures of the discoid meniscus.


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**Section 4**

**Novel Techniques**


**Section 4**

**Novel Techniques**

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120 Histology

**Chapter 8**

Provisional chapter

**Novel Techniques in Histologic Research: Morphometry**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81158

Application of mass spectrometry (MS) has recently been developed for the identification of biomarkers using pathologic samples, whereas its application using formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues remains limited. In this review, we introduce MS imaging (MSI) using FFPE tissue. This method is still challenging for peptide ionization, and various pretreatment techniques have been conducted for enhancing the ionization signal of peptides. A simple chemical pretreatment method involving heating in acetonitrile-containing buffer under pressurized conditions is introduced. Further, two-dimensional MSI data are summarized in a DM for region of interest (ROI) and hierarchical cluster analyses. These techniques enable MALDI-MSI analysis of archived pathological FFPE samples to identify

Keywords: mass spectrometry imaging, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues,

Over the past several decades, MS-based techniques are used in blood and urine analyses; however, their application to tissue analysis requires further development. Recently, matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been applied for MS analysis for the identification of diagnostic markers [1–4]. As one of the applications of MALDI-MS (mass spectrometry), MALDI-MS imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been recently developed for the identification of phospholipids [5, 6] and peptides [7–10] and pharmacological monitoring for drug delivery system in various tissues using frozen samples [11–13]. Further, the MSI technique has been further developed in the use of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues and cells [7–10].

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Novel Techniques in Histologic Research: Morphometry

**and Mass Spectrometry Imaging**

and Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Tatsuaki Tsuruyama and Takuya Hieatsuka

Tatsuaki Tsuruyama and Takuya Hieatsuka

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81158

Abstract

new biomarkers.

1. Introduction

acute myocardial infarction

#### **Novel Techniques in Histologic Research: Morphometry and Mass Spectrometry Imaging** Novel Techniques in Histologic Research: Morphometry and Mass Spectrometry Imaging

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81158

Tatsuaki Tsuruyama and Takuya Hieatsuka Tatsuaki Tsuruyama and Takuya Hieatsuka

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81158

#### Abstract

Application of mass spectrometry (MS) has recently been developed for the identification of biomarkers using pathologic samples, whereas its application using formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues remains limited. In this review, we introduce MS imaging (MSI) using FFPE tissue. This method is still challenging for peptide ionization, and various pretreatment techniques have been conducted for enhancing the ionization signal of peptides. A simple chemical pretreatment method involving heating in acetonitrile-containing buffer under pressurized conditions is introduced. Further, two-dimensional MSI data are summarized in a DM for region of interest (ROI) and hierarchical cluster analyses. These techniques enable MALDI-MSI analysis of archived pathological FFPE samples to identify new biomarkers.

Keywords: mass spectrometry imaging, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, acute myocardial infarction
