**2. Related work**

The authors discuss about connected researches on candidates for inter-aircraft computer networks in terms of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The authors likewise outline the current radio equipment found in a regular aircraft.

### **2.1 Physical and datalink layers**

The authors discuss IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 m (WiMAX), and IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.22 that are standardized by the IEEE 802 standardization committee for local area networks (LAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN). The authors subsequently present an overview of satellite internet as well as the ground-based internet. Lastly, the authors are going to touch on the communication technologies presently used in the plane.

**IEEE 802.11a/g/n/ac (also known as Wi-Fi)** is a physical and datalink layer protocol that uses 2.4–2.5, 4.9–5.0, 5.03–5.091, 5.15–5.35, and 5.47–5.725 GHz. The modulation is performed by orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) that uses orthogonal subcarriers [4–6].

**IEEE 802.16 m (also known as WiMAX)** is a physical/datalink layer protocol that uses wireless networking for communication over a wider space than the IEEE 802.11a/g/n/ac series. It often uses 2.575–2.645 GHz UHF band and OFDM [7, 8].

**Long-Term Evolution (LTE)** is a standard for mobile phones. In Japan roughly 0.7–1.7 GHz (UHF band) is employed. It uses quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) over OFDM in every subcarrier [9–11].

**IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.22** are less famous than the above three protocols. IEEE 802.15.4 is a physical/datalink layer protocol for short-range wireless communication which uses 868.0–868.8, 902–928 MHz, or 2.4000–2.4835 GHz and direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) or offset quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK). IEEE 802.15.4 is best widely known as Zigbee wireless network protocol. IEEE 802.22 is a standard for wireless regional space networks using white areas within the TV broadcast bands [12].

**Satellite net services** are primarily provided by geostationary satellites, although some are provided by satellite constellations who relay communications via many satellites. As fixed satellites do not handle the polar regions, therefore the communication coverage of theirs is restricted.

Since satellite constellations are able to work with low-earth-orbit satellites, the correspondence latency is smaller than within the net service provided by fixed satellites. Because the places of those satellites are completely dynamical, an omnidirectional antenna is usually required, and far additional power is required than for communication with fixed satellites [13, 14].

The authors here shortly discuss about ground-based aircraft internet, aircraftbased internet, and latest developments in long-distance and low-speed network engineering for the Internet of Things (IoT).

References [15–25] show other popular wide-area network technologies.

A voice communication channel using 118.0–136.975 MHz (VHF) is also used. The audio uses amplitude modulation (AM).

**33**

*Design of an Ad Hoc Mesh Network for Aircrafts DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86510*

In the network layer protocol, the Internet Protocol (IP) is the factual standard whenever the datalink level has enough bandwidth. Based on the IP, the Space Communications Protocol Specifications (SCPS) may also be used when the band is extremely narrow, like for communication between the earth and other planets [26, 27].

It's typical for the transport layer to ensure end-to-end communication. In networks based on the IP for the network layer, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is often used for the transport layer [28]. Networks which do not make use of IP for the network layer, or networks which use IP but do not use TCP for the transport layer, occasionally have the own error-correction mechanism of theirs in the transport layer [29, 30].

The authors do not go over the session layer (or higher layers), as they are not the

In the prior section, the authors summarized the conventional wireless network

IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.16 m, and LTE will need the aircrafts to be engineered with freshly installed antennas and are probably jammed by high-speed movement and may experience radio interference since they are acting secondary

As satellite internet utilizing geostationary satellites does not handle the polar regions, it cannot be put on to aircraft traveling near the North Pole. Furthermore, satellite internet utilizing satellite constellations necessitates broadcasting commu-

Air-based internet and ground-based internet aren't ideal for FIM because the

Long-distance, low-speed networks (excluding LoRa) aren't ideal for FIM, because interaction with mobile vehicles is not taken into consideration in the

Consequently, the authors have created a brand new low-speed (1–10 kbps) wireless communication technology to allow the inter-aircraft flow of information. The authors assume that conventional wireless communications are used by the aircraft in the physical layer and the datalink layer for the best backward compat-

The authors present the following communication protocol and then verify the

The authors assume narrowband wireless communication in the physical layer. In order to share the antenna with SSR [31, 32] the authors utilize the UHF band as well as frequency modulation (FM) that is ideal for digital signals, and they have

In thought of the practicableness of implementing this specific protocol on typical aircraft, the authors use precisely the same band as SSR (i.e., the UHF band) to

nication among the satellites, which is technically complicated.

technologies. They're, nonetheless, unsatisfactory due to the constraints of the

**2.2 Network layer**

**2.3 Transport layer and above**

**3. Design of networking protocol**

topic of the research.

conventional aircrafts.

modulation by OFDM.

design of theirs.

**3.1 Physical layer**

high noise tolerance.

coverage area of theirs is limited.

ibility with existing aircrafts.

effectiveness of the protocol by simulations.

enable the potential for diverting the SSR antenna.
