**2.2 Network layer**

*Wireless Mesh Networks - Security, Architectures and Protocols*

of the coverage of internet services.

**2.1 Physical and datalink layers**

technologies presently used in the plane.

that uses orthogonal subcarriers [4–6].

within the TV broadcast bands [12].

(QPSK) over OFDM in every subcarrier [9–11].

communication coverage of theirs is restricted.

engineering for the Internet of Things (IoT).

The audio uses amplitude modulation (AM).

than for communication with fixed satellites [13, 14].

and OFDM [7, 8].

**2. Related work**

aircraft.

This concept is complementary to the standard internet technology for aircraft like satellite web. It's potential to run web-based FIM even once the plane is outside

The authors discuss about connected researches on candidates for inter-aircraft computer networks in terms of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The authors likewise outline the current radio equipment found in a regular

The authors discuss IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 m (WiMAX), and IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.22 that are standardized by the IEEE 802 standardization committee for local area networks (LAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN). The authors subsequently present an overview of satellite internet as well as the ground-based internet. Lastly, the authors are going to touch on the communication

**IEEE 802.11a/g/n/ac (also known as Wi-Fi)** is a physical and datalink layer protocol that uses 2.4–2.5, 4.9–5.0, 5.03–5.091, 5.15–5.35, and 5.47–5.725 GHz. The modulation is performed by orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)

**IEEE 802.16 m (also known as WiMAX)** is a physical/datalink layer protocol that uses wireless networking for communication over a wider space than the IEEE 802.11a/g/n/ac series. It often uses 2.575–2.645 GHz UHF band

0.7–1.7 GHz (UHF band) is employed. It uses quadrature phase-shift keying

**Satellite net services** are primarily provided by geostationary satellites, although some are provided by satellite constellations who relay communications via many satellites. As fixed satellites do not handle the polar regions, therefore the

Since satellite constellations are able to work with low-earth-orbit satellites, the correspondence latency is smaller than within the net service provided by fixed satellites. Because the places of those satellites are completely dynamical, an omnidirectional antenna is usually required, and far additional power is required

The authors here shortly discuss about ground-based aircraft internet, aircraftbased internet, and latest developments in long-distance and low-speed network

References [15–25] show other popular wide-area network technologies. A voice communication channel using 118.0–136.975 MHz (VHF) is also used.

**Long-Term Evolution (LTE)** is a standard for mobile phones. In Japan roughly

**IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.22** are less famous than the above three protocols. IEEE 802.15.4 is a physical/datalink layer protocol for short-range wireless communication which uses 868.0–868.8, 902–928 MHz, or 2.4000–2.4835 GHz and direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) or offset quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK). IEEE 802.15.4 is best widely known as Zigbee wireless network protocol. IEEE 802.22 is a standard for wireless regional space networks using white areas

**32**

In the network layer protocol, the Internet Protocol (IP) is the factual standard whenever the datalink level has enough bandwidth. Based on the IP, the Space Communications Protocol Specifications (SCPS) may also be used when the band is extremely narrow, like for communication between the earth and other planets [26, 27].
