**Author details**

*Wireless Mesh Networks - Security, Architectures and Protocols*

their properties checked. The methods of analysis, manufacturing, and measurement have been presented considering different dielectric materials (rigid and flexible) for the manufacture of the antennas. The proposed antennas have been fed by microstrip line, and different feeding techniques have been considered for matching impedances and suppression of harmonic frequencies. The unique properties of space-filling and self-similarity naturally result in more compact and multiband behavior antennas. On the other hand, it is verified from the presented results that the polar elements (like a Rosacea of n-petals) also present the property of space-filling, resulting in more compact antennas. On the other hand, pre-fractals and polar patch antennas generally have their gain and/or bandwidth reduced as the number of iterations increases, which in many wireless applications are undesirable characteristics. To overcome these limitations, we proposed the design of fractals and polar arrangements with dissimilar elements, which allows increasing the bandwidth and gain of simple antennas. Further developments included the design of printed monopole antennas for ultra-wideband applications. Flexible substrates (polyamide and denim) were used in the design of wearable antennas with esthetic appeal. The microstrip antennas with prefractals and polar elements have few design variables and smooth responses in the

region of interest, which facilitates all steps of the design methodology.

This work was supported by CNPq under contracts 472098/2013-6 and 308509/2015-3, by the Federal Institute of Paraíba (IFPB), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), State University of Paraíba (UEPB), State University of

**Acknowledgements**

Maranhão, and FAPEMA.

**164**

Paulo Fernandes da Silva Junior1 \*, Mauro Sérgio Pinto Silva Filho1 , Ewaldo Eder de Carvalho Santana1 , Paulo Henrique da Fonseca Silva2 , Elder Eldervitch Carneiro de Oliveira3 , Maciel Alves de Oliveira4 , Fabrício Ferreira Batista4 , Alexandre Jean René Serres4 , Raimundo Carlos Silvério Freire4 , Almir Souza, Silva Neto5 , Severino Aires de Araújo Neto6 and Carlos Augusto de Moraes Cruz7

1 State University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil

2 Federal Institute of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil

3 Estadual University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil

4 Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil

5 Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil

6 Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil

7 Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil

\*Address all correspondence to: paulo.junior@ee.ufcg.edu.br

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
