Meet the editor

Navin Khaneja received his BTech in Electrical Engineering from IIT Kanpur in 1994, followed by his MS and MA in Electrical Engineering and Mathematics from Washington University, St. Louis, in 1997. He earned his PhD from Harvard University in Applied Mathematics in 2000. He is the recipient of the NSF career award, the Sloan fellowship, and the Bessel Prize of the Humboldt Foundation. His research interests are in

the areas of control theory, NMR spectroscopy, and quantum control.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

Hardware of MRI System

Resonance for Imaging *by Gabriele Barbaraci*

towards Tailored Solvents

*and Mariusz Jaremko*

Polymerization at Low Temperatures

*Nobuhiro Sato and Tomochika Matsuyama*

Products during Conversion to Biogas *by Wiesman Zeev and Linder Charles*

*by Qiuliang Wang*

**Preface III**

NMR Instrumentation **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 11**

**Chapter 3 33**

Solution and Solid State NMR **53**

**Chapter 4 55**

**Chapter 5 83**

**Chapter 6 107**

Control Flow Strategy in a Receiver Coil for Nuclear Magnetic

Facile NMR Relaxation Sensor for Monitoring of Biomass Degradation

Molecular Interactions in Ionic Liquids: The NMR Contribution

*by Abdul-Hamid Emwas, Mawadda Alghrably, Samah Al-Harthi, Benjamin Gabriel Poulson, Kacper Szczepski, Kousik Chandra* 

*by Mónica M. Lopes, Raquel V. Barrulas, Tiago G. Paiva, Ana S.D. Ferreira, Marcileia Zanatta and Marta C. Corvo*

New Advances in Fast Methods of 2D NMR Experiments

Solubility, Discoloration, and Solid-State 13C NMR Spectra

of Stereoregular Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Prepared by Urea Clathrate

*by Masatomo Minagawa, Jun Yatabe, Fumio Yoshii, Shin Hasegawa,* 

## Contents


**Chapter 7 121** Aliasing Compromises Staggered-Rotamer Analysis of Polypeptide Sidechain Torsions *by Jürgen M. Schmidt*

Preface

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has evolved as a versatile tool in chemistry and biology. The scientific technique is based on the detection of magnetic moments of atomic nuclei arising due to an intrinsic property called spin because of their precession in static magnetic fields. Nuclei are excited by radio frequency (RF) magnetic fields and subsequently their precession is observed by the voltage they induce on an induction coil as they precess. The signal gives valuable information on the precession frequency of nuclei, which depends on the applied magnetic field and the local magnetic fields. At a field of say 14 tesla, protons precess at 600 MHz, carbon at 150 MHz, and nitrogen at 60 MHz. The frequency information is obtained by Fourier transform, which gives a characteristic spectrum. This local field is characteristic of the chemical environment of the nuclei and is termed chemical shift. Chemical shift gives each molecule a fingerprint spectrum with peaks dispersed in the kHz range and helps to identify the molecule from its spectrum. NMR spectroscopy is therefore an important tool in organic chemistry that aids synthetic chemistry. The spectrum of compounds displays characteristic chemical shifts and magnetic couplings between the atomic nuclei. In addition to giving frequency information the NMR signal displays a characteristic decay rate. This decay rate is important in MRI as it helps to provide contrast between the biological tissue being imaged. The decay rate broadens lines in a spectrum of large molecules and makes it

difficult to resolve the frequency content of the spectrum.

transferring magnetization between coupled spins.

study of biological molecules like membrane proteins.

studies of torsion angles in polypeptides are also included.

molecules.

Modern high-field NMR is able to record the spectrum of large molecules and resolve this spectrum by use of ingenious methods called 2D NMR. These methods rely on carefully tailored RF pulses that correlate frequency of the coupled nuclei by

These 2D NMR experiments coupled with relaxation measurements form the basis of the structural analysis of biological molecules, which give information on the dynamics and structure of biological macromolecules. NMR spectroscopy, which started as a tool for the analysis of compounds in organic chemistry, has now matured into a major discipline for the structural and dynamic study of large

NMR studies are not limited to molecules in solution but are also performed on samples in solid (powder or crystalline) form. These studies on solid-state powders involve spinning the sample to average an anisotropic interaction and obtain a resolved spectrum. These methods have evolved from the study of polymers to the

In this book, we present some of the most exciting developments in the field of NMR: for example, new developments in NMR instrumentation, new magnet technology, RF coil design, the design of novel NMR sensors, and new developments of methods in solution and solid-state NMR. These range from new methods for fast the acquisition of 2D spectrum to NMR studies of molecular interactions in ionic solutions. Solid-state methods for the analysis of polyvinyl chloride and NMR
