**3.1 Copper wire**

*Fiber Optics - From Fundamentals to Industrial Applications*

*Fibers can be connected (https://www.newport.com/t/fiber-optic-basics).*

*Close-up view of a fiber preform (https://www.newport.com/t/fiber-optic-basics).*

download something or watch a favorite movie online.

utilized great old copper wires as the transmission medium.

definitely a luxury during those days.

**3. Can optical fibers be used for communication and why?**

met. The composition and geometry of the fiber determine the fiber modes or the discrete set of electromagnetic fields, which can propagate in the fiber (**Figure 3**). Directly connectorized fibers may furthermore provide beam expansion to lower the fiber end facet intensity and reduce the risk of damage at high power

No one desires to have a slow Internet connection! I am sure you agree with me on this. It is very frustrating to have a slow Internet speed when one wants to

At that point, broadband connections came in, which totally changed the Internet scene. The rates of 2–10 mbps became normal. Nonetheless, this still

Before the wireless Internet era, there used to be the wired, dial-up Internet. In this type of connection, a phone line was used to connect to the Internet. Several hours were spent only praying for a successful connection. A fast Internet was

**30**

**Figure 4.**

**Figure 3.**

levels (**Figure 4**).

Electrical pulses are sent through a copper wire in case of wired copper communication. How much of the signal will be retained by the time it reaches its destination is determined by the signal strength. The wire's electromagnetic field is constantly monitored for changes at the destination (for example, the router). The destination registers a "1" (logic high), when the field is strong, i.e., above a certain measurement, say, a, while a "0" (logic low) is registered if it dips below that particular measurement.
