**4.1 Fractal wearable antenna design**

**Figure 21** represents the geometries of the initial, 1st and 2nd iterations of the crown rectangular fractal wearable microstrip antenna. The optimized dimensions of the presented three antennas are indicated in **Table 9**. This antenna is also pasted on Jeans material as a substrate. Also, the simulated S11 for the three iterations antennas are shown in **Figure 22**. In addition, the radiation patterns of the proposed antenna in E-plane (Φ = 0°) and H-plane (Φ = 90°) are simulated and plotted in **Figure 22**.

From **Figure 22**, the proposed 2nd iteration crown rectangular fractal wearable microstrip antenna can be used as a multiband antenna. This antenna is operated at three frequency bands in the same time with different application as WiMax, WiFi for modern wireless applications and the third frequency band may be used for fixed satellite (earth-space) applications. Also, note the great affinity between the first and second iterations (**Figure 23**). The simulation performance results are mentioned in **Table 10**.

**Figure 21.** *Proposed fractal antenna structures: initial, 1st, and 2nd iterations.*


#### **Table 9.**

*The optimized dimensions of three iterations antenna.*

**Figure 22.** *The S11 for the three antennas: initial, 1st, and 2nd iterations.*

**62**

*Fractal Analysis*

**Figure 20.**

**Figure 19.**

**Table 8.**

are tabulated in **Table 8**.

*Radiation pattern in E-plane, H-plane at: (a) 1.7, (b) 5.3, (c) 5.8 GHz.*

*Proposed fractal antenna structures: initial, 1st, and 2nd iterations.*

*Performance simulated results of proposed fractal antenna.*

**Resonant Frequency (GHz) S11 (dB) Gain (dB) Efficiency %** 1.7 −24.719 4.5 72.6 5.3 −14.778 1.78 52.3 5.8 −19.937 4.4 67.4

measured with simulation results. Further, the proposed 2nd iteration Sierpinski carpet fractal wearable microstrip antenna can be used as a multiband antenna. This antenna is operated at three frequency bands in the same time for modern wireless applications as GPS, WiMax and WiFi. The simulation performance results

The third wearable fractal antenna designed in this chapter is based on the rectangular shape and is called CRWF antenna. The base geometry construction as, zeroth iteration is a rectangle. The first iteration geometry is obtained by cutting an ellipse from the base shape and then inserting a rectangle such that the corners of the inserted rectangle touch the boundary of elliptical slot. The same procedure is repeated for the inner rectangle of first iteration geometry to obtain the second

**4. Crown rectangular wearable fractal (CRWF) antenna**

iteration geometry. The further iterations can be obtained [28].

#### **Figure 23.**

*Radiation pattern in E-plane, H-plane at: (a) 3.3, (b) 5.8, and (c) 6.7 GHz.*


#### **Table 10.**

*The simulated performance results of the proposed fractal antenna.*
