**5. Conclusion**

This chapter focuses on the design and fabrication of different three types wearable fractal for modern wireless applications with body-area-networks.

A 3rd iteration fractal wearable antenna is designed and fabricated. This antenna is designed to be suitable for GPS, WiMax and WiFi (Bluetooth) applications at the same time. The presented antenna is a body-worn antenna to be attached with the human body. Therefore, the specific absorption ratio (SAR) plays a vital role in the design of this body-worn antenna. So that, the SAR value should be calculated and also improved. Another design is presented and also fabricated to improve the SAR value. The intended fractal antenna is attached with a spiral MTM cell etched in the ground plane. This spiral is used to minimize the SAR value by reducing the energy absorbed by the human body tissue. Finally, this design is integrated onto a floating life jacket. This smart jacket can be used for finding the human body if an accident happens.

A 2nd iteration Sierpinski carpet wearable antenna was designed and fabricated. This antenna was pasted on Jeans textile material as substrate. Two methods for measuring the dielectric constant (εr) and loss tangent (tanδ) of the Jeans material were presented in this chapter: a microstrip ring resonator method and DAK method. This antenna was operated at three resonance frequencies which were suitable for GPS, WiFi, and WiMax application.

A crown rectangular wearable fractal antenna was designed and fabricated. The proposed antenna was a 2nd iteration fractal antenna to operate at three resonance frequencies which were suitable for WiFi and WiMax applications over BANnetwork and also might be used for satellite applications.

**65**

**Author details**

Mohamed I. Ahmed1

provided the original work is properly cited.

Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

*Fractal Antennas for Wearable Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81503*

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

\* and Mai F. Ahmed<sup>2</sup>

\*Address all correspondence to: miahmed@eri.sci.eg

1 Microstrip Department, Electronics Research Institute, Giza, Egypt

*Fractal Antennas for Wearable Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81503*

*Fractal Analysis*

**Figure 23.**

**Table 10.**

**5. Conclusion**

This chapter focuses on the design and fabrication of different three types wear-

**Resonant Frequency (GHz) S11 (dB) Gain (dB) Efficiency % Applications** 3.3 −15.19 3.4 64.7 WiMax 5.8 −16.797 3.5 65.2 WiFi 6.7 −13.85 3.44 64.9 Satellite

A 3rd iteration fractal wearable antenna is designed and fabricated. This antenna is designed to be suitable for GPS, WiMax and WiFi (Bluetooth) applications at the same time. The presented antenna is a body-worn antenna to be attached with the human body. Therefore, the specific absorption ratio (SAR) plays a vital role in the design of this body-worn antenna. So that, the SAR value should be calculated and also improved. Another design is presented and also fabricated to improve the SAR value. The intended fractal antenna is attached with a spiral MTM cell etched in the ground plane. This spiral is used to minimize the SAR value by reducing the energy absorbed by the human body tissue. Finally, this design is integrated onto a floating life jacket. This smart jacket can be used for finding the human body if an accident happens. A 2nd iteration Sierpinski carpet wearable antenna was designed and fabricated. This antenna was pasted on Jeans textile material as substrate. Two methods for measuring the dielectric constant (εr) and loss tangent (tanδ) of the Jeans material were presented in this chapter: a microstrip ring resonator method and DAK method. This antenna was operated at three resonance frequencies which were

A crown rectangular wearable fractal antenna was designed and fabricated. The proposed antenna was a 2nd iteration fractal antenna to operate at three resonance frequencies which were suitable for WiFi and WiMax applications over BAN-

able fractal for modern wireless applications with body-area-networks.

*Radiation pattern in E-plane, H-plane at: (a) 3.3, (b) 5.8, and (c) 6.7 GHz.*

*The simulated performance results of the proposed fractal antenna.*

suitable for GPS, WiFi, and WiMax application.

network and also might be used for satellite applications.

**64**
