**Abstract**

This chapter focuses on the design and fabrication of different types of flexible and inflexible wearable fractal for modern wireless applications with body-areanetworks (BANs). A wearable antenna is intended to be a part of clothing used for modern wireless communication purposes. Fractal technology allowed us to design compact antennas and integrate multiple communication services into one device. The proposed antennas were simulated and measured by CST simulator version 2017 and Agilent N9918A VNA respectively. Furthermore, these antennas were fabricated using folded copper. The measured results agree well with the simulated results.

**Keywords:** fractal, wearable antenna, metamaterial, SAR, Sierpinski carpet, crown rectangular, textile antenna

#### **1. Introduction**

Conventional antenna designs which include planar dipoles, monopoles, planar inverted-Fs (PIFAs), and microstrip patches were used in recent research for wearable antennas design [1]. Wearable microstrip antennas are planar. This made them a practical antenna type due to their low cost, low profile, light weight, small size and eases for fabrication to be worn or carried on human body [2]. A wearable antenna is a body-worn antenna which designed from textile materials as antenna substrates to form the "smart clothes" or in the other mean, is an antenna which designed and meant to be a part of clothing or integrated into a personal accessory (such as shoes, glasses, buttons, and helmets) [3]. The wearable antennas are divided into two main categories: flexible and inflexible wearable antennas [4].

Nowadays, the compact antenna with a better performance and multi-bands working frequencies is one of the main trends in modern wireless communications systems [5]. One of the most important techniques used to reduce the antenna's dimensions is the fractal geometries. A fractal is a fragmented or split geometric shape that can be subdivided into parts; each of this is a reduced-size copy of the whole. Fractal antennas have more benefits such as; high radiation efficiency, high gain, wide bandwidth and reduced size etc. Generally, fractals are self-similar and independent of scale. There are many shapes of fractals such as Sierpinski's gasket; Cantor's comb, Von Koch's snowflake, the Mandelbrot set, and the Lorenz attractor see **Figure 1** [6].

**Figure 1.** *The different geometries of fractals in natural [6].*
