**1. Introduction**

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the exogenous agents that can disturb the synthesis, metabolism, and the action of endogenous hormones; also they affect the androgenic, antiandrogenic, and thyroid mechanism [1]. The "US Environmental Protection Agency" defined the endocrine disrupting chemicals as exogenous agents that affect the synthesis, transport, binding action, metabolism, and elimination of hormones required for homeostasis, development, and reproduction [2]. The idea of EDCs was formulated after their exposure studies and adverse effects on humans and wild animals [3]. The impact of these chemicals was examined on the embryonic and reproductive development of male and female reproductive systems [4, 5]. The exposure of EDCs showed long-term negative effect on animal development and

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

health [6]. Endocrine disrupting chemicals are one of the possible causes of reproductive problem.

[19]. The studies on cell cultures showed that BPS affects cells mutagenically, genotoxically, and cytotoxically [20, 21]. BPS exposure also disrupts the signaling pathway of apoptosis, so it

Interactions between Bisphenol S or Dibutyl Phthalates and Reproductive System

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79264

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Consumer quest for bisphenol A products lead to the supersession of bisphenol A with other related compound including bisphenol S [12, 24]. Biomonitoring studies excavate that human manifestations are likely to distribute about 97% individual in US, have noticeable level of bisphenol S metabolites in urine [11]. The estimation from these urinary concentrations urge that daily exposure in the range of 0.3–2 ug/day, although these exposure will likely revolt as

Like bisphenol A, human vulnerability to BPS seems to grow mostly by exposure through the skin absorption [26] and ingestion by plastic leaches [27]. There is also confirmation that bisphenol S vulnerability can affect body weight and neuro-behaviors in developmentally

The increase in urbanization and industrialization results in massive release of certain chemicals including bisphenols and phthalates into the surrounding and environment. These chemicals cause adverse effects on human beings, mainly reproductive system, endocrine disruption, and decline in life quality. The effect of potential hazards of BPS in human depends upon the exposure level. As its use is not regulated, it is difficult to mention the consumables that contain and leach this compound. It is often used as an alternative of BPA in "BPA free" products including plastic bottles and printing paper [11]. BPS is introduced in industry as safe substitute of BPA. However, little is available regarding the adverse effects of BPS on humans and mammals. Currently, few studies were carried out to study the role of BPS as endocrine disrupting chemical. Approximately, over and above "18 billion pounds" of phthalates are used every year worldwide [29]. Phthalates and its metabolites, after leaching from its product, were detected in environment [30], in saliva [31], and in urine [29] samples of human both children and adult. The children get exposure of DBP in mother's womb, breast feeding, and medical devices during neonatal care [31]. To date, the exposure of DBP is studied on fertility, development of female and male reproductive tract, sexual maturation, prenatal and

The modern use of plasticizers has extensively increased the industrial and social well-being of the resident of both developing and under-developed countries. At the same time, they are very harmful for the living organisms, if taken inside the body through any source. Plasticizers or dispersants are the additive chemicals that are used to increase the plasticity or decrease the viscosity of a material. These substances alter the physical properties of certain products. These are available in different forms either liquids with low volatility or may be even solids. They make plastic products more flexible by decreasing the attraction between polymer chains. Among, more than 30,000 different substances have plasticizing properties. Of all, these plasticizers approximately 50 are commercially used to make various

may cause gametes cascades leading toward cell death and altered cell cycle [22, 23].

the displacement of bisphenol A in various consumer goods, also increase [25].

postnatal effect, pregnancy, and tumor in animals and human beings.

exposed male offspring [28].

**3. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)**

products [32].

Nowadays, plastics are used in most of the products, the harmful chemicals, bisphenols and phthalates, leach out into the environment. These chemicals attract the attention of regulatory agencies, scientific community, and general public due to its high production and uses [7].
