**2. Bisphenol S (BPS)**

Due to the adverse effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on public health, certain alternative chemicals were replaced in consumer products. One such replacement, bisphenol S (BPS), is currently used in thermal receipts, consumer paper products, baby bottles, and personal care products, foodstuffs, and canned foods. BPS is chemically and structurally compassionate to bisphenol A. It is an organic compound with formula C12H10O<sup>4</sup> S. It has two phenol functional groups on either side of sulfonyl group. It is commonly used in curing fast drying epoxy resin adhesives. Bisphenol S was made in 1896 and is presently used in consumer products. Bisphenol S is an analog of bisphenol A and it supersedes bisphenol A in variety of ways. Bisphenol S becomes endocrine disruptor in the existence of hydroxyl group on benzene ring. Bisphenol S also has endocrine disruptor properties. Bisphenol S is present in thermal receipts paper, plastics, and indoor dust. Scientific and public knowledge of negative consequences affiliated to bisphenol S disclosure have increased [8].

BPS is a more stable chemical compound with low biodegradability as compared to BPA [9]. This is alarming that these properties of BPS compared to BPA lead to higher burden on living organisms [10]. Due to this cause, BPS is measured as "regrettable substitution" of BPA. The esteem increases in BPS production and use in plastic industry will unfortunately spread this chemical to the level as for BPA [11]. BPS replaced BPA in almost every consumer goods, for example, clearing products, resins, and electroplating solvents [12, 13], in canned food stuff [14]. Increase consumption of BPS and its discharge in environment-noticed health hazard to human, aquatic life, and environmental risks [15].

The existence of BPS was determined in waste water, fluvial water, and indoor dust [4, 9, 16]. The humans are exposed to BPS through ingesting dust, recycled products, dietary exposures, and dermal contact [9]. Although BPS was not studied broadly, many studies indicate the estrogenic properties of this compound in genomic as well as membrane-associated estrogen signaling. To date, studies of BPS in mammals are limited, and there are very few studies investigating the effects of exposure on behavior [11]. The limited data is available dealing with the interaction of BPS with biological organisms. The studies indicate that BPS is capable to mimic the hormones and interact with its certain receptors including estrogen and androgens [17] and serum proteins [12]. The exposure of BPS changes the aromatase expression that is a major enzyme of the estrogen pathway [18]. In vivo studies demonstrate the effect of BPS, postnatal low and high dose exposure causes reproductive dysfunction including changes in gonads morphology and androgen level. BPS affects the reproductive and neuroendocrine pathway during embryonic development. The mechanism of action may involve the thyroid and estrogen receptors. This also changes the expression of genes involved in above pathways [19]. The studies on cell cultures showed that BPS affects cells mutagenically, genotoxically, and cytotoxically [20, 21]. BPS exposure also disrupts the signaling pathway of apoptosis, so it may cause gametes cascades leading toward cell death and altered cell cycle [22, 23].

Consumer quest for bisphenol A products lead to the supersession of bisphenol A with other related compound including bisphenol S [12, 24]. Biomonitoring studies excavate that human manifestations are likely to distribute about 97% individual in US, have noticeable level of bisphenol S metabolites in urine [11]. The estimation from these urinary concentrations urge that daily exposure in the range of 0.3–2 ug/day, although these exposure will likely revolt as the displacement of bisphenol A in various consumer goods, also increase [25].

Like bisphenol A, human vulnerability to BPS seems to grow mostly by exposure through the skin absorption [26] and ingestion by plastic leaches [27]. There is also confirmation that bisphenol S vulnerability can affect body weight and neuro-behaviors in developmentally exposed male offspring [28].

The increase in urbanization and industrialization results in massive release of certain chemicals including bisphenols and phthalates into the surrounding and environment. These chemicals cause adverse effects on human beings, mainly reproductive system, endocrine disruption, and decline in life quality. The effect of potential hazards of BPS in human depends upon the exposure level. As its use is not regulated, it is difficult to mention the consumables that contain and leach this compound. It is often used as an alternative of BPA in "BPA free" products including plastic bottles and printing paper [11]. BPS is introduced in industry as safe substitute of BPA. However, little is available regarding the adverse effects of BPS on humans and mammals. Currently, few studies were carried out to study the role of BPS as endocrine disrupting chemical. Approximately, over and above "18 billion pounds" of phthalates are used every year worldwide [29]. Phthalates and its metabolites, after leaching from its product, were detected in environment [30], in saliva [31], and in urine [29] samples of human both children and adult. The children get exposure of DBP in mother's womb, breast feeding, and medical devices during neonatal care [31]. To date, the exposure of DBP is studied on fertility, development of female and male reproductive tract, sexual maturation, prenatal and postnatal effect, pregnancy, and tumor in animals and human beings.
