*11.1.1. Medical waste incineration*

About 50% the health care institutions in Addis Ababa have no furnace during medical waste incineration. Moreover, 100% of the currently using incinerator does not have an air pollution control system, and their medical waste incineration activity was not environmental sound and the organizations do not have disposal site to dispose the bottom ash. Therefore, the overall management practice of PCDD/PCDF from medical waste incineration is very weak.

#### *11.1.2. Iron and steel production*

The respondent of iron and steel factories was used the furnace for heating and melting purpose of the dirty and cleaned raw materials. During the production activities, all organizations do not have air pollution control system. The management practices of PCDD/PCDF emissions from iron and steel industries are very weak. The field visit to some factories confirmed that they produce their material by melting into furnaces without installing the air pollution control system and temperature control system.

#### *11.1.3. Heat and power generation*

The Dioxin and Furan is also easily emitted from household heating and cooking with biomass.- The city residents commonly uses the three pit stoves, charcoal stove, and others stoves that do not have combustion control system. This emits the PCDD/PCDF from its open burning process.

### *11.1.4. Glass production*

Glass factories that have a furnace to produce their products do not have dust control abatement and PCDD/PCDF is easily emitted to the environmental media.-

#### *11.1.5. Transport*

Vehicles in the city have no emission reduction catalyst. The management of the unintentional persistent organic pollutant emitted from the vehicle through the incomplete combustion does not be managed properly.
