4.1. Fundamental facts

4. Theoretical findings

50 Vitamin E in Health and Disease

and cellular function [61].

Currently, it is known that both permanent magnetic field (MF) and ELF-EMF interact with BS at all levels [61]. Nonetheless, there still does not exist precise molecular mechanisms for which ELF-EMF can support their therapeutic use, although much research has been performed and reported of several effects on BS [9]. One of the most common reports is that an external MF can considerably affect the rates of chemical reactions (ChemReac) in BS. Involving free radicals affects the probability of transition between the singlet ð Þ S and the triplet spin state ð Þ T , S !T, generally in the RP [62, 63]. Hyperfine interaction (HypInt) is responsible for control of the spin-flip conversion S !T spin states of the RP modifying it by the application of an external MF [9]. Physically, there exist four orders of magnitude between molecules interacting with a geomagnetic field of 50 μT with respect to the vibrational, thermal energy KBT compared to the strength of a chemical bond, which is 10–100 times smaller [9, 64, 65]. Therefore, adaptive mechanisms to deal with such energies [66] could not be developed, except the geomagnetic field [67], which today as a way of orientation is used [64]. As a result, organisms, considered as complex electrochemical systems, interact in a very complex and subtle way with EMF. Nevertheless, several studies have demonstrated the influence of EMF on BS and diseases, mainly by intensifying the effects of other physical and chemical stressors [61]. In fact, it is possible to verify that static MF [68] or pulsating MF [69] can affect chemical systems and free-radical reactions in BS [70]. For enzymatic reactions, in 1994 Harkins and Grissom reported the MF effect on coenzyme B12 dependent ethanolamine ammonia lyase in vitro activity as evidence of the RPM [9, 71]. When it is used at a low frequency, the effects of weak MF on BS were revised by Liboff [72] using ideas concerning cyclotron frequency resonances. Using vibrational modes by Lednev [73], and the Zeeman levels by Blanchard et al. [74], hyperfine interactions with a one-proton model were treated by Haberkorn and Michel-Beyerle [75], among others [9]. Therefore, the absence of a convincing molecular mechanism is the reason why there exists a significant unconformity in the research community with respect to the existence of certain MF or ELF-EMF effects (MFE or ELF-EMFE) on BS and ChemReac. In this respect, the RP intermediaries simultaneously created, with a spin state correlated is the key. These MFdependent particles are controlled by a weak MF ð Þ ≤KBT thanks to their spin correlation, which is far away from the thermal equilibrium. Thus, the RPM seems like the most plausible way to investigate the MFE or ELF-EMFE on the reactivity of ChemReac [64, 65] in BS. A notable example of MF on BS is the photosynthetic reaction center of proteins in which light absorption permits RP formation due to the electron transfer steps [64, 65]. An exceptional case is a report about MFE on the enzymatic synthesis of adenosine triphosphate in cells to control enzymatic deoxynucleic (DNA) synthesis in cell proliferation by Buchachenko [76]. After all, phosphorylation is of vital importance for the function of BS. There exist three sources of irreproducibility of MFE: the presence of paramagnetic metal ions [77], the existence of catalyzing metal ions [76], and kinetics and RP spin dynamics [9, 78]. Besides, there is extensive fundamental and clinical accumulated evidence regarding the effectiveness of ELF-EMF in therapeutics and clinical benefits, and in the significant modulation of molecular Facing our limited knowledge and using the available information, we reported the cytoprotective effect of 120 Hz ELF-EMF on early ChemIndCar during the enzymatic procarcinogen activation of CYP450 by quantum measurements in Refs. [9, 79]. We proposed that when CYP450 metabolizes the xenobiotics used in the experimental setup to ChemIndHep [10], the enzymatic proteins act as a molecular motor providing a catalyzing electron that interacts with the RP formed during the OS generated when the substrate of the enzyme is oxygenated [9]. Since metabolization is carried on in the liver, the hepatocytes are in contact with the enzymatic protein as in a thermal bath and with a Gibbsian distribution, interacting with the RP as a harmonic oscillator [9]. Employing quantum measurements concepts, we argue the way in which the MF modulates the singlet spin population to diminish the preneoplastic lesion observed during ChemIndHep. The completely formed system between RP and electronic configuration of hepatocytes interacting through the HypInt alters the quantum spin state removing the spin prohibition and giving rise to the appearance of new reaction products. These products in our case result in spin selectivity plus HypInt, affecting the magnetic properties, which impact on the so-called initiated hepatocytes that later become the preneoplastic lesion to study.

We explained that on the formation of the OS was involved through the administration of xenobiotics in the MRHM, an electron transfer, and the MF modulates those in the current Haberkorn approach [9, 79, 80]. The allowed electrophilic reactions that appear in the enzymatic reactions do not require a change of spin because the spin total is zero. Those spinforbidden reactions, involving paramagnetic participants, can combine their spins freely in any electronic configuration, but it does not mean that all configurations have a chemical reaction [9, 79]. The electron spin gives origin to the MFE, the magnetic isotope effect, and induces nuclear chemical polarization. We use the fact that according to angular momentum conservation, which is a fundamental and universal principle, all ChemReac are spin selective. This means that only those ChemReac that satisfied such a rule are allowed in the product formation. Magnetic interaction is the masterpiece that controls and accelerates the ChemReac. Nevertheless, it is many orders of magnitude less than coulomb energy. However, it has the responsibility of changing the electron spin state through the interchange energy of the channels of spin allowed and prohibited, controlling chemical reactivity [81]. The MFE act over the enzymatic DNA synthesis killing cancer cells [76]. We use the RPM because it controls life at the molecular level [9, 82–84]. We use the fact that a combination of weak static and pulsating EMF can affect radical concentration in a ChemReac [85], modifying the population of nuclear and electron spin states, their energy levels, and the RP alignment of their magnetic moments. Such changes can modify the BS [9]. Also, we use the experimental findings concerning the significant modulation of catalase, CYP450, and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in myelogenous leukemia cells [86] to reaffirm our idea with respect to the effect of ELF-EMF on the enzymological system. A more critical step is the activation of xenobiotics whose interaction produces OS in the form of electrophiles and ROS [30, 40]. The main protagonist in our approach are the so-called RP, short-lived intermediates that participate in almost all reactions in solution in a correlated way. The RP can recombine or participate in other ChemReac. They are responsible for a few phenomena such as chemical polarization of electrons and nuclei, and the influence of static and pulsating MF [9, 79]. An RP can decay by recombination, or pull apart the radical by diffusion, or react with other radicals. One of the properties of RP is that recombination probability depends on spin multiplicity, and it varies during RP lifetime. Such variations, as an interesting detail, are manifested as dynamic quantum oscillations, the socalled quantum beats between (S, T) spin states of the RP. The quantum beats modulate the probability of appearance of some reaction channels of the RP that at the time affect the MFE. By studying these quantum beats, one can reveal valuable information concerning the structure, reaction, molecular, and spin dynamics of RP [9, 63, 79, 87]. The RP spin correlation is formed in the coherent state, which oscillates between the S and T spin state, an oscillation that depends on the spin Hamiltonian operator parameters (see references [8, 9] for details), in particular that of the HypInt. The period of the oscillation on organic radicals is in the range of nanoseconds, making RP recombination a plausible test that suggests that small EMF affects BS [9, 88].

This approach is obtained using the spin density matrix in the framework of the Liouville–von Neumann equation involving the rate at which singlets disappear, called kS; it is involved in an unnormalized wave function [9, 80] <sup>∥</sup>ψ><sup>¼</sup> cSe�kSt=<sup>2</sup>∥<sup>S</sup> <sup>&</sup>gt; <sup>þ</sup>cT∥<sup>T</sup> > : Here the amplitudes for the singlet disappear at the rate �kS=2, provoked by the interaction between RP and a third electron for the electron configuration of the hepatocytes (see reference [9] for details). We

Cytoprotective Effect of 120 Hz Electromagnetic Fields on Early Hepatocarcinogenesis: Experimental…

Moreover, to satisfy the unicity of the trace in the density matrix, we include the third electron. Obtaining the so-called reaction products, ^r, according to the rule of conservation of the

When we have a ChemReac with only a singlet spin state as in our case, we can consider it as a quantum measurement [80]; the amplitudes for the singlet disappear at the rate of � kS=2 provoked by the interaction of the third spin electron that can be studied. During their evolution, the RP can change their spin multiplicity. Through the use of electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) studies, such spin changes are simply called beats, meaning dynamical quantum oscillation between the ∥S > and ∥T > spin states of the RP. Using them, we study the behavior of the spin dynamics of RP. A crucial issue here is that RP appears in the coherent state, which permits the oscillations between ∥S > and ∥T > spin states of the RP, commanded by HypInt. Measured at a quantum level, these beats represent the manifestation of the RP in ESR studies. Tacitly, the beats correspond to S \$ T spin-flip transitions generated by HypInt. The behavior of an unpaired electron under MF, or without MF, determines the influence of HypInt so we can measure the MFE. Eq. (1) expresses how singlet disappears at the desired rate kS. Nevertheless, the off-diagonal terms represent the coherent superposition decaying at a rate of kS=2. This expresses the motion equation for the density matrix with H^ int

number of entities participating, i.e., for the generation of some product population, ∅

� <sup>r</sup>^<sup>0</sup> ! <sup>r</sup>^ <sup>¼</sup> CSC<sup>∗</sup>

0 @

<sup>S</sup> <sup>1</sup> � <sup>e</sup>�kSt � � <sup>∅</sup>

∅ �† �

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78642

1

A: (1)

53

�

¼ ð Þ 0 0

r^0

have written the evolution of the standard density matrix as [9]:

Te�kSt=<sup>2</sup>

T

as the Hamiltonian interaction operator as (see reference [9], for details):

dt ¼ �<sup>i</sup> <sup>H</sup>^ int; <sup>r</sup>^

tion calculated from the singlet state of the RP can be evaluated by [9]:

Φ<sup>S</sup> ¼ kS

h i � <sup>1</sup>

2

where <sup>Q</sup>^ <sup>S</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>∥</sup><sup>S</sup> >< <sup>S</sup><sup>∥</sup> is the projection operator for the singlet state. The yield of recombina-

In fact, with Eq. (3), we evaluate the effect of MF on the yields of the diamagnetic products involved, and in those RP that do not participate in the recombination process. Furthermore, in

Tr <sup>Q</sup>^ <sup>S</sup>r^ð Þ<sup>t</sup>

ð∞ 0

kS <sup>r</sup>^Q^ <sup>S</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>Q</sup>^ <sup>S</sup>r^

� �, (2)

h idt, (3)

dr^

Se�kSt CSC<sup>∗</sup>

!

Se�kSt=<sup>2</sup> CTC<sup>∗</sup>

<sup>r</sup>^in <sup>¼</sup> CSC<sup>∗</sup>

is a null vector [9, 79].

4.2.2. Quantum measurements

CTC<sup>∗</sup>
