2. Particularities of HD patients


• metabolism disturbances

3.1. Intake

Fats and oils

safflower)

Vegetable oil (sunflower,

Vegetables and fruits

Grains products

Nuts and seeds

Table 1. Sources of vitamin E for hemodialysis patients.

Meat and alternatives

• normal/reduced plasma levels

• reduced level in cellular membranes

Food Portion size Vitamin E

Usually, HD patients have sufficient daily dietary intake of vitamin E, but sources of vitamin E are limited and mainly represented by vegetable oils. Many other sources are restricted in

> A/ARP/NA in hemodialysis patients

Additional observations

Vitamin E in Hemodialysis Patients

33

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78792

and lipids

(milligrams of alpha-tocopherol)

Vegetable oil, wheat germ 5 mL (1 tsp) 7 NA High content of phosphorus

Spinach, cooked ½ cup 3–4 ARP High content of potassium Tomato sauce 125 ml (½ cup) 2 NA High content of potassium Pumpkin, canned 1 cup 3 NA High content of potassium Collard greens 1 cup 2 ARP High content of potassium Avocado ½ fruit 4 NA High content of potassium Mango 1 whole 1.9 NA High content of potassium Asparagus, cooked 1 cup 2.2 NA High content of potassium Red peppers, raw 1/2 2 ARP High content of potassium

Cereal, wheat germ 30 g (1/4 cup) ARP High content of phosphorus

Tuna, canned with oil 75 g 2 ARP High contents of phosphorus Sardines, canned with oil 75 g 2 ARP High contents of phosphorus Herring, cooked 75 g 1.5 ARP High contents of phosphorus Egg, cooked 2 large 2.5 ARP High contents of phosphorus

Sunflower seeds ¼ cup 8–10 NA High contents of phosphorus Almonds ¼ cup 9 NA High contents of phosphorus Peanuts ¼ cup 3 NA High contents of phosphorus Peanut butter 2tbsp 3 NA High contents of phosphorus Hazelnuts ¼ cup 5 NA High contents of phosphorus

5 mL (1 tsp) 2 A —


Figure 1. Oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients.
