8. Conclusion

Waste management policies and regulations are also improving speedily globally. The rate of

There is so much going around the world in relation to manure management. The current trends in manure management are expected to further intensify in the nearest future. The future of manure management is expected to be shaped by a number of factors, one of which is regulatory compliance. Compliance with existing international, regional and national policies and laws and regulations on manure management will be a major determinant of future manure management practices. For example in Denmark, it has been noted that the European Union legal framework on manure will influence future actions and priorities in manure

The factors that will influence the general trends and development in animal agriculture will exert both direct and indirect influence on future manure management practices. In the future, several countries will be seen putting in place relevant laws and taking actions to promote sustainable manure management practices. This is because as animal production increases, measures to reduce and recycle manure are expected to increase as well. For example, the crises associated with the mobile nature of cattle production in some parts of the world have necessitated serious consideration of a shift towards encouraging sedentary production in many countries. The current cattle population needs to develop larger productive breeds, and increased intensification may result in the accumulation of greater volume of manure accumulated in some locations. This is because intensification increases the potential of manure accumulation in the producing areas [42]. Thus, policies promoting intensification of cattle and other livestock must be accompanied with relevant regulations on manure management in those places. This will require strong institutions, relevant infrastructure and sustainable partnerships to be in place to combat unsustainable manure management, particularly in places which currently have a weak regulatory and institutional framework for manure management. Lessons from other nations with successful manure management trends and history

recycling solid wastes is increasing fast in some countries around the world [40].

will be valuable for countries where manure management is currently emerging.

products which could be used for several beneficial purposes will stimulate actions.

Trade is another potential driver of future manure management practices. On the one hand, food safety and global health concerns in traded food commodities will play a major role in shaping future manure management practices as it affects international and cross-border trades. On the other hand, increasing opportunities to trade high-quality improved manure

Availability of cheap, efficient and easy-to-adopt/adapt manure management technologies is expected to play a key role in stimulating actions. Unless environmentally and economically sustainable management technologies are employed, environmental pollution becomes inevitable [43]. Technological innovations are expected to contribute to significant improvement in the efficiency and effectiveness of waste management systems. Innovations in reduction, reuse and recycling of manure are therefore expected to increase in the nearest future. With increased development and dissemination of adaptable technologies, it would become more convenient for industry actors to adopt sustainable manure management practices in the nearest future. For example, innovations in manure nutrient fortification, reducing the variability of manure components, nutrient extraction and purification will remove some of the

management [41].

132 Agricultural Waste and Residues

The importance of sustainable animal manure management cannot be over-emphasized. However, generated on the farm, the impact of manure transcends its source of production. Manure contamination has been implicated in several public health epidemics around the world. Sustainable management of manure requires a multi-pronged approach. These approaches include nutritional strategies, policy and legal framework as well as physical, biological and chemical manure treatment. Effective manure policy, legislation and regulations will promote efficient and sustainable manure management practices, especially, with adequate enforcement and compliance. Manure management strategies adopted should efficiently mitigate the negative impact of manure on the environment and the general public. Several benefits are derivable from sustainable manure management.
