4. Some principles associated with manure management

There are several principles which are associated with waste management [11] and by extension, manure management. It is important to take these principles into account when formulating manure management strategies and interventions. Some of the principles are as follows:


management practices. Manure disposal is the most unsustainable and by far the least desirable strategy in the hierarchy of management. Animal manure could be a valuable resource or

Manure management method Proportion of farms\* (%) Proportion of farms\*\* (%)

Sustainable Animal Manure Management Strategies and Practices

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Sold — 20 Buried — 5 Burnt 26 23.33 Recycled into crop production — 14.17 Dumped in bushes or farms 37 — Flushed in pits, streams and rivers 21 21.25 Others (combination of above practices) 16 16.25

Animal manure contains significant amounts of micro-organisms which make it a source of major risk to the public (Table 8). Risks of nutrients, organic material and pathogens contaminating water bodies and food products are common with increased manure spread [19]. Nutrient run-off into groundwater can occur from uncovered livestock facilities, from manure

Illness caused in humans Route of infection

Salmonella Bacteria Diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramp Through fecal contaminated water or food

Direct contact with feces and through water contaminated with feces

Directly through animal urine or soil containing animal urine contacting breaks in the eyes, skin, mouth or nose

Soil, water, food, or surfaces contaminated

Fecal, or by indirect contact through contaminated food and water

Contamination of hands, objects, food or

Manure contaminated food

with feces of infected animal

water with infected feces

a waste depending on how it is handled and managed.

Escherichia coli Bacteria Bloody diarrhea, severe anemia, kidney

Leptospira Bacteria Leptospirosis with symptoms such as high

even death

Listeria Bacteria Listeriosis characterized by fever, chills,

babies

Cryptosporidium Parasite Watery diarrhea, may be life-threatening to

Hepatitis A Virus Viral liver disease causing mild to severe

Rotavirus Virus Gastroenteritis. Symptoms include severe

failure or even death

Campylobacter Bacteria Diarrhea and systemic illness Fecal contaminated water

fever, kidney or liver failure, meningitis, or

headache, upset stomach and vomiting, most likely to affect pregnant women and unborn

Shigella Bacteria Bloody diarrhea Direct contact with feces

illness, flu-like symptom, diarrhea, fever, discomfort, decreased appetite, tiredness

diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration

peoples with poor immune system

Table 7. Prevalence of unsustainable manure management practices.

\*Source: [17]. \*\*Source: [18].

Organism Type of

organism

