**7. Functional geotextile-related products**

**2.** Woven geotextile products

84 Engineered Fabrics

High strength, 30 ton/m or more tensile strength demanded

Creep property improvement product

Low-elongation high-strength yarn use

Smart fusion multifunction product

Composite products, etc.

**6.2. Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs)**

Differentiated hydraulic function product

Salt water swelling improvement product

Selective-order function products, etc.

**6.3. Filter and drainage geotextiles**

**6.4. Geotubes and geocontainers**

**6.5. Miscellaneous**

Silt fence products

Products with improved freeze-thaw stability

Minimization of penetration by constraint load Clogging prevention and minimization products

Biodegradable multifunctional products, etc.

Creep performance improvement products

Concrete reinforcement geocomposites

Seam properties improvement products

High strength, 50 ton/m or more tensile strength demanded

Permeability and sealing property improvement products

Ultraviolet and salt water stability improvement products, etc.

Ultraviolet and salt water stability improvement products, etc.

#### **7.1. For separation, filtration, and reinforcement functions**

In order to improve the separating function of the geotextile for reinforcement, it is possible to improve physical properties and permeability by designing the smoothness of the woven fabric at a high level and to improve the morphological stability by designing the tissue for controlling apparent opening size (AOS) [11–13]. Especially, it is designed to improve the tensile strength of fabric by improving density of weft yarn and double yarn design so as to improve the tensile strength in weft direction (**Figure 7**).

This product has the overall performance (chemical stability, higher tensile property, and water permittivity, etc.) as the geomembrane protection mat in the landfill construction caused by the working vehicle and the aggregate applied to the leachate drainage layer and at the upper part and can be used as a composite product.

#### **7.2. Multiaxial geocomposite for reinforcement**

As shown in **Figure 6**, geocomposite fabrication technology and products were developed to enhance the reinforcement function of geosynthetics by applying multiaxial knit fabric and geotextile composite technology by developing not biaxial but multiaxial knit. In addition, a smart monitoring high-performance multiaxial geocomposite technology is being developed in parallel to embed an optical fiber sensor in a multiaxial geocomposite appropriately to monitor the damage of the geocomposite due to stress concentration in real time (**Figure 8**).

#### **7.3. Geotextiles for preventing reflective crack**

Geotextiles applied on the top of the packed and unpacked road subgrade is considered to be the top layer of the bottom layer consisting of roadbed soil and the top layer consisting of soil or aggregate laid for construction. If the two layers are not properly separated, the particles of the lower layer penetrate the upper part, or the particles of the upper part penetrate the lower layer, causing settlement or cracking of the road. Also, when the bedrock is saturated by rain or other conditions, excess pore water pressure is generated by the traffic volume, so that the bedrock is weak and easily broken. Therefore, proper water discharge must be achieved, and

**Figure 7.** Geotextiles for separation, filtration, and reinforcement. (a) Separation, (b) filtration, and (c) reinforcement.

**Figure 8.** Multiaxial geocomposites for reinforcement.

However, as mentioned above, even though it is a product of very important issue in terms of being environmentally friendly, it is easy to enter the market only if the stability of raw material supply and supply and product standardization are solved. Here, only the biodegradable vegetation mats and geocells used for vegetation in river maintenance and slope greening are

Polymeric Synthetic Fabrics to Improve Stability of Ground Structure in Civil Engineering…

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81246

87

As shown in **Figure 11**, the geotextiles for vegetation mats have a very high initial dependency for the purpose of preventing or stabilizing the erosion. Therefore, biodegradation occurs in the course of the planting process after the vegetation mat construction, thus contributing to

The synthetic resin system used for slope protection and erosion prevention was originally a product using a mat made of a heat-sealable webbing structure using nylon and a product with a reinforcing material (geogrid) combined with a web structure. And polypropylene staple fibers have been developed in the future, but since they are nondegradable products, it has been pointed out that the residues become an environmental pollution source after

It is now in the process of restoration of various floods due to increasing weather conditions, eco-friendly construction methods, and landscaping and greening. As the demand for

completion of the desired slope protection and erosion prevention function.

introduced.

the improvement of the stability of the structure.

**Figure 11.** Application examples of geotextiles for erosion control.

**Figure 10.** Various geotextiles for antireflective crack propagation.

**Figure 9.** Failure with/without geotextile for pavement protection. (a) Without geotextile and (b) With geotextile.

proper pore size and good permeability coefficient are required because the piping phenomenon is required to prevent the loss of soil along with the flow of water [14, 15].

As shown in **Figure 9**, pavement roads are damaged due to cracks and plastic deformation before the design life due to the surrounding environment and repeated traffic loads, which causes wasted budget for maintenance of road pavement.

This is due to the weakening of the bearing capacity of the pavement ground or the cracking and growth due to the expansion and contraction of the water inside the packed asphalt or concrete. The role of a geotextile as a localized stress reduction layer could be to prevent or reduce damage to a given surface or layer by vehicle passing load.

Therefore, in order to improve the durability of the pavement, development is underway to improve the performance of asphalt or aggregate as a road pavement material and to reinforce the pavement by adding reinforcement materials such as geosynthetics to traditional pavement materials.

On the other hand, asphalt pavement using geotextiles has a great effect on prevention of fatigue cracks and reflective cracks and additionally has an advantage of blocking water penetration due to road crack by increasing water penetration. Advanced geotextiles have been developed, have improved toughness against repeated fatigue loads, and are resistant to various damage loads that occur during the construction process (**Figure 10**).

#### **7.4. Biodegradable geotextiles**

In the case of geosynthetics for slope reinforcement or erosion prevention considering vegetation, biodegradable products are required for the purpose of activating the planting of plants.

**Figure 10.** Various geotextiles for antireflective crack propagation.

proper pore size and good permeability coefficient are required because the piping phenom-

**Figure 9.** Failure with/without geotextile for pavement protection. (a) Without geotextile and (b) With geotextile.

As shown in **Figure 9**, pavement roads are damaged due to cracks and plastic deformation before the design life due to the surrounding environment and repeated traffic loads, which

This is due to the weakening of the bearing capacity of the pavement ground or the cracking and growth due to the expansion and contraction of the water inside the packed asphalt or concrete. The role of a geotextile as a localized stress reduction layer could be to prevent or

Therefore, in order to improve the durability of the pavement, development is underway to improve the performance of asphalt or aggregate as a road pavement material and to reinforce the pavement by adding reinforcement materials such as geosynthetics to traditional pavement materials.

On the other hand, asphalt pavement using geotextiles has a great effect on prevention of fatigue cracks and reflective cracks and additionally has an advantage of blocking water penetration due to road crack by increasing water penetration. Advanced geotextiles have been developed, have improved toughness against repeated fatigue loads, and are resistant to vari-

In the case of geosynthetics for slope reinforcement or erosion prevention considering vegetation, biodegradable products are required for the purpose of activating the planting of plants.

enon is required to prevent the loss of soil along with the flow of water [14, 15].

causes wasted budget for maintenance of road pavement.

**Figure 8.** Multiaxial geocomposites for reinforcement.

86 Engineered Fabrics

reduce damage to a given surface or layer by vehicle passing load.

ous damage loads that occur during the construction process (**Figure 10**).

**7.4. Biodegradable geotextiles**

However, as mentioned above, even though it is a product of very important issue in terms of being environmentally friendly, it is easy to enter the market only if the stability of raw material supply and supply and product standardization are solved. Here, only the biodegradable vegetation mats and geocells used for vegetation in river maintenance and slope greening are introduced.

As shown in **Figure 11**, the geotextiles for vegetation mats have a very high initial dependency for the purpose of preventing or stabilizing the erosion. Therefore, biodegradation occurs in the course of the planting process after the vegetation mat construction, thus contributing to the improvement of the stability of the structure.

The synthetic resin system used for slope protection and erosion prevention was originally a product using a mat made of a heat-sealable webbing structure using nylon and a product with a reinforcing material (geogrid) combined with a web structure. And polypropylene staple fibers have been developed in the future, but since they are nondegradable products, it has been pointed out that the residues become an environmental pollution source after completion of the desired slope protection and erosion prevention function.

It is now in the process of restoration of various floods due to increasing weather conditions, eco-friendly construction methods, and landscaping and greening. As the demand for

**Figure 11.** Application examples of geotextiles for erosion control.

products becomes greater, it is possible to apply and expand key technologies for vegetable mats made from biodegradable resins.
