**4. Conclusion**

Application of core-spun yarns in textile industry is in progress to improve physical and mechanical properties of fabrics, such as comfort, abrasion resistance, tenacity, durability, and functional properties. Stretch denim fabrics are mostly produced from core-spun yarns. Advanced stretching performance provides better fitting to body. Cotton is the most appreciable material as sheath component of the yarn which is responsible for comfort and esthetic properties. Denims' clothing and fitting to human body, comfortable and performance properties are essential for consumers. The most acceptable driving factors for denim market are consumer demand, rapid change of fashion and denim styles, highly preferred by young people and these factors are changing in very short period of time. When the overall consumption of denim in the world and market size are taken into consideration, value-added and high durable denims produced from functional yarns will response to the desired comfort and fit characteristics as well.

Since the denim fabrics have high demand in textile market and it is increasing day by day, this study is conducted to evaluate the developments in denim fabric production and submit an innovative case study to improve the performance of denim fabric. In day fashion trends, denim fabrics are now not only used for the jeans production, they are also used in the production of shirt, t-shirts, skirts, bags and different textile product accessories. Depending on the usage area of denim fabrics, different performances and functions are required from them. Different ways can be performed to improve the performances of the textile products. Using different pattern designs, selecting proper raw material, using specially produced yarns or applying finishing chemicals are effective treatments. The finishing and washing processes are applied to add higher hand property, better touch feeling and attractive appearance. Evidence in literature demonstrates that usage of different characteristic fiber and yarn is effective method to increase mechanical performance of the denim fabrics. The incorporation of elastane and filament in yarn core gives new configurations to yarn geometry and ultimately changes the fabric geometry. Depending on developments in the yarn production technology, specially designed and functional yarns such as core-spun, filament core-spun and dual core-spun yarns are produced and widely used.

**Author details**

Osman Babaarslan1

Gaziantep, Turkey

Gaziantep, Turkey

Turkey

**References**

University, Adana, Turkey

, Esin Sarioğlu<sup>2</sup>

\*Address all correspondence to: sarioglu@gantep.edu.tr

\*, Halil İbrahim Çelik<sup>3</sup>

1 Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Çukurova

2 Department of Fashion and Textile Design, Faculty of Fine Arts, Gaziantep University,

4 Çalık Denim Textile Industry and Trade Inc. Research and Development Center, Malatya,

[1] Denim Market by Product (Jeans, Jackets and Shirts, Dresses), by Segment (Mass Market, Standard, Premium), by Consumer Type (Men, Women, Children), by Distribution Channel (Specialty Stores, Department Stores, Hypermarkets & Supermarkets), by Geography (U.S., Japan, Brazil, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Canada, Mexico, Spain, Philippines, S. Korea, Australia, Pakistan, Russia, New Zealand, Turkey, Netherlands, South Africa, Thailand, Belgium, Malaysia)—Global Market Size, Share, Development, Growth and Demand Forecast, 2013-2023 [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www. psmarket-research.com/market-analysis/denim-jeans-market [Accessed: Mar 3, 2018] [2] Shi F-J, Xuling J. Modelling the tensile properties of modal/polyurethane core spun

[3] Mahmood N, Jamil NA, Nadeem M, Saeed MA. Effect of multiple spinning variables on the spinability of cotton covered nylon filament core yarn. Pakistan Textile Journal; 2003;**LII**(2). [Internet]. Available from: http://www.ptj.com.pk/Web%202003/2-2003/art-

[4] Sinha SK, Bansal P, Maity S. Tensile and elastic performance of cotton/lycra core spun denim yarn. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series E. 2017;**98**:71-78 [5] Babaarslan O. Method of producing a polyester/viscose core-spun yarn containing spandex using a modified ring spinning frame. Textile Research Journal. 2001;**71**:367-371 [6] Su CI, Maa MC, Yang HY. Structure and performance of elastic core-spun yarn. Textile

[7] Lou CW, Chang CW, Lin JH, Lei CH, Hsing WH. Production of a polyester core-spun yarn with spandex using a multisection drawing frame and a ring spinning frame.

stretch yarn. Fibres & Textıles in Eastern Europe. 2012;**20**:30-32

nasir.htm [Accessed: 2017-10-08]

Research Journal. 2004;**74**:607-610

Textile Research Journal. 2005;**75**:395-401

3 Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University,

and Münevver Artek Avci4

Denim Fabrics Woven with Dual Core-Spun Yarns http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80286 37

In this study, to design more attractive and higher performance denim fabric Co/PET/elastane containing dual core-spun yarns were systematically used in production. Furthermore, the effects of filament fineness and elastane draft on denim fabric performance were revealed. Filament core-spun yarns with different filament fineness and pure Co yarn were also produced to compare the performance of denim fabrics. These all yarn types were used as filling of denims. Breaking force, breaking elongation, static tear force, elastic recovery, vertical wicking rate and water absorption rate properties were inspected and results were analyzed statistically.

As expected from the structural properties of the core-spun yarns, incorporating filament contributes to breaking force of the denim fabric. On the other hand, it was observed that increasing elastane draft affects breaking elongation positively. This result is attributed to the fact that higher elastane draft leads to increase in cohesion forces between filament, elastane and cotton sheath. When dual core-spun denim fabrics containing PET filament with fine and micro fineness is considered, tear force raises from fine to micro fineness because of the higher number of filament in the core of the dual core-spun yarns and so higher resistance to break.

In order to propound the advantages of the core-spun yarn usage, the performance of pure cotton denim fabrics were compared. It was seen that denim fabrics from pure cotton has the lowest elastic recovery. These results exactly proved that core-spun yarns can improve the mechanical performance of the denim fabrics without sacrificing the good softness and feeling of cotton. When the effect of core-spun yarn structural parameters on denim elastic recovery performance were investigated, in relation to the statistical analysis, it was also presented that both filament fineness and elastane draft have significant effect. Elastic recovery of the fabric can be aligned as cotton denims < filament core-spun denims < dual core-spun denims. The results in this study also indicates that the core-spun yarns not only increases the mechanical performance, but they also advance the comport performance. Higher wicking and absorption rates were obtained with core-spun and dual core-spun yarn denims in comparison to pure cotton denim.

For the absorption rate calculation, a novel method based on image processing was developed. Thus, the absorption area calculation was achieved accurately. In this experience, it was determined that the irregular color hues of indigo dyed warp yarns made the measurement difficult. High fabric thread density also restricted this measurement. So, it is planned that the absorption rate of the fabric samples will be determined by using different light source and lighting condition in further study.
