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Genetic instability is a driving force in tumourigenesis and it is prompted by alteration in centrosome function and in spindle assembly (Lengauer et al, 1998; Lingle et al, 2002; Orr-Weaver & Weinberg, 1998). Since endocytic proteins participate in the regulation of mitotic events, this could represent a novel, previously unrecognized, link between endocytosis and

Endo and exocytosis are well-known mechanisms that regulate signal transduction and the execution of different cellular programs. The number of players, their crosstalk and the networks that they generate is continuously growing adding novel layers of complexity and

Intriguingly, increasing evidence shows that signalling itself can control and modulate endocytic pathways (Collinet et al, 2010). Activated receptors elicit a variety of signals that directly or indirectly control endocytosis by several means including phospho-modification of downstream effectors involved in endocytosis, control of protein synthesis and also modulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics, a process that aids clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This is an emerging view in the trafficking field that will certainly disclose new

Work in Letizia Lanzetti's lab is supported by grants from: Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (START UP program), the Association for International Cancer Research, the Fondazione Piemontese per la Ricerca sul Cancro - ONLUS – Intramural Grant 2010 and Regione Piemonte - Ricerca Sanitaria Finalizzata 2008, and 2009. Work in the Lab of Guido Serini is supported by grants from: Telethon Italy; Compagnia di San Paolo - Neuroscience Program Multicentre Projects; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro; Fondazione Piemontese per la Ricerca sul Cancro - ONLUS – Intramural Grant 2010; Ministero della Salute - Programma Ricerca Oncologica 2006; Regione Piemonte - Ricerca Sanitaria Finalizzata 2006, 2008, and 2009, Ricerca industriale e sviluppo precompetitivo 2006: grant

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**8** 

Rytis Prekeris

*USA* 

**Making the Final Cut – The Role of** 

*Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO* 

**Endosomes During Mitotic Cell Division** 

The last step of cell division is the physical separation of two daughter cells via a process known as cytokinesis (Barr and Gruneberg, 2007; Prekeris and Gould, 2008). After replication of the genetic material, the mother cell divides by the formation of a cleavage furrow that constricts the cytoplasm, thus leaving two daughter cells connected by a thin intracellular bridge (ICB). The resolution of this bridge, abscission, results in a physical separation of the two daughter cells and usually occurs on either, or both, sides of the midbody within the ICB. This abscission event occurs on either or both sides of the midbody within the intracellular bridge (ICB). While earlier studies thought this abscission event was simply a continuation of the constriction placed on the cleavage furrow by the actomyosin contractile ring, it was later discovered that abscission is a highly complex and organized event consisting of much more than a simple actin and non-muscle myosin constricting ring. Endocytic membrane transport, ESCRT protein complex function, and cytoskeletal reorganization were all shown to contribute to cytokinesis and abscission (Barr and Gruneberg, 2007; Prekeris and Gould, 2008). The goal of this review is provide an overview the newest advances in our understanding about the dynamics and roles of endosomal transport during cytoskeletal re-arrangements and ESCRT

**2. Post-Golgi transport is required for the completion of cytokinesis** 

Classically, cytokinesis in animal cells was thought to be mediated by the formation and contraction of the actomyosin contractile ring, which assembles at the equator of the dividing cells and is regulated by a variety of molecules, including the recruitment and activation of a RhoA GTPase-dependent signaling cascade (Glotzer, 2005). In contrast, plant cytokinesis was demonstrated to depend on the transport of post-Golgi organelles, which assemble and fuse to form an organelle, known as a phragmoplast (Jurgens, 2005). This organelle ultimately fuses with the plasma membrane, bisecting the plant cell into two daughter cells. These mechanisms in animal and plant cell division were thought to have differentially evolved due to the fact that plant cells have a rigid cell wall, while animal cells only need to separate a very dynamic and "bendable" plasma membrane. Interestingly, during recent years, multiple studies have challenged this dogma and suggested that animal cell cytokinesis may not be entirely different from plant cell cytokinesis. The first clues, that

**1. Introduction** 

complex assembly throughout cytokinesis.

