**4. Conclusion**

A new era with a clean worldwide energy matrix is expected nowadays. Ethanol has been shown to be a fuel with great potential to meet this world's aspiration. In this new phase, the fuel needs to be recognized by its environmental benefits and not only by the energy that it contains. Consequently, it has to be rewarded according to the benefits it brings to the society. For this in recent years, the sugarcane industry has positioned itself not only as a food industry but also as an energy industry. Having a look into the sugarcane feedstock, bringing a different viewpoint, one could say that it produces three different kinds of energy: sugar—energy for human beings; ethanol—energy for transportation; and electricity—energy for a variety of uses. As an energy company, the process itself cannot be energetically wasteful. So, recent improvements in the process have aimed to maximize its efficiency; meaning that using less energy in the process itself results in more energy left to be sold as a product. However, many questions, such as the destination of the use of straw, bagasse, and vinasse, are still unanswered and will depend on the next technology improvement. This new era will result in increasing the demand for ethanol, which must be met not only by the increase in the production but also in the productivity and efficiency. Nevertheless, many technologies, with notorious performances, are not applied to the production of ethanol nowadays because of their low feasibility. They would become feasible, however, if ethanol was rewarded for its environmental benefits.

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