**Conflict of interest**

**2. Sections of the book**

4 Aquaculture - Plants and Invertebrates

able by helping to reduce fishing effort in coastal areas [6].

indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic product.

tems [19].

The capture and cultivation of aquatic organisms in paddy fields has a long history and tradition, especially in Asia, where the availability of rice and fish has been linked to prosperity and food security. Rice-based ecosystems provide habitats for a wide variety of aquatic organisms used extensively by the local population. They also allow the improvement and breeding of aquatic organisms. A wide variety of aquatic species such as carp, tilapia, catfish and breams are being raised in the rice fields. Prices and market preferences can provide decisive opportunities for farmers to further diversify the use of species, especially eels, loaches and various crustaceans, to sell and market higher value biological products [7]. The problems associated with the breeding of aquatic organisms in paddies do not differ from those related to the development of aquaculture in general. These include the availability and access to seeds, feed and capital, as well as natural risks related to water control, diseases and predation [8]. Molluscs are currently the group of cultivable marine organisms that offers better prospects in terms of production and economic profitability, their production costs are not high and are a valuable source of food. To perform its cultivation requires detailed knowledge of the basic biology of the species, supply sources of seed, growth parameters and mortality in culture, and the effect of environmental conditions as well as their spatial and temporal variability. The cultivation of bivalve mollusks represents an economically viable alternative due to the possibility of large-scale operation, in addition, this activity can be environmentally sustain-

The constant increase in world population necessarily implies a challenge in terms of food production in large volumes and with high nutritional quality. To achieve the economically profitable production of healthy animals with a limited environmental impact, it is necessary to improve growth rates and feeding and reproduction efficiency, decreasing the losses caused by diseases, by improving the immune response, diagnostic techniques and prophylactic measures [6, 9]. In an intensive aquatic production system, control of the disease plays a key role, where an intimate relationship between the host and bacteria is present [10, 11]. There is currently a widespread concern that antibacterial agents in aquaculture will lead to the emergence of antibiotics resistant bacteria [12]. Probiotics and the use of homeopathy, which act mainly on the innate response of cultured organisms, constitute a viable, promising and economic strategy to make aquaculture process more sustainable, since it reduces the

In case of treatment with probiotic, it has been carried out successfully in mollusks [13], fish [14, 15] and crustacean species [11, 16, 17]. Wherein the probiotics used in aquaculture studies include Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, bacteriophages, yeasts and unicellular algae [18], and the beneficial effects include growth and feeding efficiencies in culture sys-

Homeopathy in the aquaculture of freshwater and marine species is a potential alternative for the world aquaculture industry, because their medicines are free of relevant adverse reactions and do not bio-accumulate toxic substances in the harvested product. The studies realized, We declare no conflict of interest.
