**2.6. Pros and corns**

	- **1.** Usage of available land effectively.
	- **2.** Provides employment for village labors than rice alone.
	- **3.** One-time investment is good enough for making trenches/ponds/refuges.
	- **4.** Not needing of weeding in rice and feeding for Asp ultimately reduces the cost of labor.

best natural feed for fish, but not for crustaceans. Anyhow, this naturally occurring food is not sufficient for growing aquatic culture species. The consumption and utilization of natural field nutrients vary from aquatic culture species to species [24]. So, the external supplementa-

The composition of external feed supplemented for crustaceans/other aquatic species is a mix of 40% of animal waste (fish, snail, clam and viscera tRAFh), 25% of plant waste (rice or wheat bran, vegetables, pumpkin, leguminous cakes and sweet potatoes) and 35% of terrestrial gRAFs and/or duck weeds. These materials are made as powder and used for making food

The fluctuations in the temperature and dissolved oxygen do not have much influence on the yield of rice, but it matters for the production of aquatic protein. In summer, the water temperature for ASp is regulated by rice plant shading during summer [26, 74]. Anyhow the low/moderate temperatures are best suited for good yield of ASp. To maintain adequate temperatures for the better growth of fish, prawn, carb, crayfish, snails and other ASp, high amount of water needs to be maintained continuously in the ponds/trenches/refuges. The only way to maintain temperature in the rice-ASp system is by controlled water system.

The dissolved oxygen is an important factor that affects the survival and growth of ASp, and in extreme conditions, it may lead to death. Unsystematic management of ponds/trenches leads to pollution [75], resulting in reduced dissolved oxygen. Basically the reduced dissolved oxygen changes the physiochemical properties of water, thereby pond/trench ultimately shows effect on growing fish. Most of the times, dissolved oxygen is reduced due to overloading of nutrients in the ponds/trenches and also causes increase in cyanobacterial bloom, which depletes dissolved oxygen and shows poisonous effects on ASp [76]. The increase in photosynthesis in rice due to increased aeration is recorded with the fish movement in the rice field [77, 78].

The birds are the predators for the ASp in rice-ASp system. Small birds may not cause damage to the system, but the larger ones reduce the ASp production to 20–60%. Aquavorous birds should be controlled by placing certain bird terrorizing signs or holdings in and around the

rice-ASp system or making sounds to create panic and foreboding in them.

**3.** One-time investment is good enough for making trenches/ponds/refuges.

**4.** Not needing of weeding in rice and feeding for Asp ultimately reduces the cost of labor.

**2.** Provides employment for village labors than rice alone.

pellets. But various types of external feed are in practice in many countries [70–73].

tion of nutrients is a must for attaining higher yield of aquatic protein.

*2.5.4. Temperature and dissolved oxygen*

24 Aquaculture - Plants and Invertebrates

*2.5.5. Predators and other factors*

**a.** Benefits of rice-aquaculture farming:

**1.** Usage of available land effectively.

**2.6. Pros and corns**


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approved.pdf


Due to several disadvantages of rice-ASp culture, it has gradually been discarded, and farmers are going for rotational culture. Whatever so, the advantages of this system are more prominent and make the farmers to stand socio-economically especially in developing countries. The governments need to initiate to publicize the importance of rice-ASp integrated farming and its impact on the poverty, society and ultimately country.
