**3. Viral entry**

DENV is mostly introduced in human by infected *Ae. aegypti* mosquitoes. After the introduction, DENV particularly targets mononuclear phagocyte lineage cells including the skin resistant Langerhans cells [31, 32]. However, in mosquitoes, DENV is thought to initially target midgut and then extends and replicate in other peripheral tissues [33]. DENV can infect a very diverse range of cell lines including human, mosquito, monkey, hamster, and murine cell linages. This suggests that either DENV uses a ubiquitous receptor or it uses multiple receptors for its entry [33]. In mosquito cells, different independent groups have reported many potential DENV receptors like heat shock protein 70 (HSP), R80, R60, and 45 kDa protein [33]. In human beings, heparan sulfate [34], Hsp90 [35], CD14 [36], GRP78/BiP [37], and a 37/67-kDa high-affinity laminin receptor have been reported [38]. DENV particles interact with human myeloid cells by C-type lectin receptors (CLR) including DC-specific intracellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3)-grabbing no integrin (DC-SIGN, CD209) [39, 40], mannose receptor (MR), and C-type lectin domain family 5, member A (CLEC5, MDL-1) [41].
