**Author details**

Budi Haryanto1,2\*


#### **References**

[1] Ferreira GL. Global dengue epidemiology trends. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 2012;**54**:5-6

[13] World Bank Indonesia Data. 2016. http://data.worldbank.org/country/indonesia [Accessed:

Indonesia Dengue Fever: Status, Vulnerability, and Challenges

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82290

91

[14] WHO. The Top 10 Causes of Death. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO; 2014. http://www.

[15] Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS. The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infec-

[16] Saroso JS. Dengue haemorrhagic fever in Indonesia (1978). Asian Journal of Infectious

[17] Gubler DJ, Soeharyono, Nalim S, Saroso JS. Epidemic dengue haemorrhagic fever in

[18] Nathin MA, Harun SR, Sumarmo. Dengue haemorrhagic fever and Japanese B encephalitis in Indonesia. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health.

[19] Ismangun, Wahab AS, Sutrisno R, Surjono A. Dengue haemorrhagic fever in Jogjakarta,

[20] Malavige GN, Fernando S, Fernando DJ, Seneviratne SL. Dengue viral infection. Postgradu-

[21] Porter KR, Beckett CG, Kosasih H, Tan RI, Alisjahbana B, Rudiman PI, et al. Epidemiology of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever in a cohort of adults living in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2005;**72**:

[22] Suwandono A, Kosasih H, Nurhayati, Kusriastuti R, Harun S, Ma'roef C, et al. Four dengue virus serotypes found circulating during an outbreak of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever in Jakarta, Indonesia, during 2004. Transactions of the Royal Society

[23] Beckett CG, Kosasih H, Faisal I, Nurhayati, Tan R, Widjaja S, et al. Early detection of dengue infections using cluster sampling around index cases. The American Journal of

[24] Bandyopadhyay S, Lum LC, Kroeger A. Classifying dengue: Review of the difficulties in using the WHO case classification for dengue haemorrhagic fever. Tropical Medicine &

[25] Rivai A, Hamzah S, Rahman O, Thaib S. Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever in

[26] Setiati TE, Wagenaar JF, Kruit MD, Mairuhu AT, Gorp EC, Soemantri A. Changing epidemiology of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Indonesia. Dengue Bulletin. 2006;**30**:1-14 [27] Karyanti et al. The changing incidence of dengue haemorrhagic fever in Indonesia: A

45-year registry-based analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2014;**14**:412

rural Indonesia. Asian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1978;**2**:152-155

who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ [Accessed: 2014]

Central Java. Paediatrica Indonesiana. 1972;**12**:49-54

of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2006;**100**:855-862

Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2005;**72**:777-782

Bandung. Paediatrica Indonesiana. 1972;**12**:40-48

International Health. 2006;**11**:1238-1253

ate Medical Journal. 2004;**80**:588-601

tious diseases. Nature. 2004;**430**:242-249

Diseases. 1978;**2**:7-8

1988;**19**:475-481

60-66

2016]


[13] World Bank Indonesia Data. 2016. http://data.worldbank.org/country/indonesia [Accessed: 2016]

**Author details**

Budi Haryanto1,2\*

**References**

1 Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Indonesia 2 Department of Environmental Health, University of Indonesia, Indonesia

[1] Ferreira GL. Global dengue epidemiology trends. Revista do Instituto de Medicina

[2] Guzman MG, Halstead SB, Artsob H, Buchy P, Farrar J, Gubler DJ, et al. Dengue: A

[3] Simmons CP, Farrar JJ, Chau NV, Wills B. Dengue. The New England Journal of Medicine.

[4] Halstead SB. Dengue: Overview and history. In: Halstead SB, Pasvol G, Hoffman L, editors. Dengue. 1st ed. Vol. 5. Singapore: Imperial College Press; 2008. pp. 1-28

[5] Anderson KB, Chunsuttiwat S, Nisalak A, Mammen MP, Libraty DH, Rothman AL, et al. Burden of symptomatic dengue infection in children at primary school in Thailand: A

[6] Kabra SK, Jain Y, Pandey RM, Madhulika, Singhal T, Tripathi P, et al. Dengue haemorrhagic fever in children in the 1996 Delhi epidemic. Transactions of the Royal Society of

[7] Chan YC, Salahuddin NI, Khan J, Tan HC, Seah CLK, Li J, et al. Dengue haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan, 1994. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical

[8] Gubler DJ. Epidemic dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health, social and economic problem in the 21st century. Trends in Microbiology. 2002;**10**:100-103

[9] Calisher CH. Persistent emergence of dengue. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005;**11**:737-739 [10] Halstead SB. More dengue, more questions. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005;**11**:740-741

[11] Smith AW. Dengue infections in travellers. Paediatrics and International Child Health.

[12] Bulungahapitiya U, Siyambalapitiya S, Seneviratene SL, Fernando DJS. Dengue fever in travellers: A challenge for European physicians. European Journal of Internal Medicine.

continuing global threat. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 2010;**2460**:7-14

\*Address all correspondence to: bharyant@cbn.net.id

90 Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine

prospective study. Lancet. 2007;**369**:1452-1459

Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999;**93**:294-298

Medicine and Hygiene. 1995;**89**:619-620

Tropical de São Paulo. 2012;**54**:5-6

2012;**366**:1423-1432

2012;**32**:28-32

2007;**18**:185-192


[28] Prayitno A, Taurel A-F, Nealon J, Satari HI, Karyanti MR, Sekartini R, et al. Dengue seroprevalence and force of primary infection in a representative population of urban dwelling Indonesian children. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017;**11**(6):e0005621. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005621

**Chapter 6**

**Provisional chapter**

**RNA Association, RNA Interference, and microRNA**

**RNA Association, RNA Interference, and microRNA** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80334

**Pathways in Dengue Fever Virus-Host Interaction**

Dengue fever is a fatal vector transmitted disease and is one of the most significant health problems which have magnified its impact globally by afflicting 390 million people across 110 countries. The causative agent of this life-threatening disease is a positive single-stranded RNA arbovirus known as dengue virus (DENV), which uses *Aedes aegypti* mosquito as an intermediate host. It has been well demonstrated that virus evades mosquito's RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated antiviral defense and manipulates host microRNA (miRNA) profile to its own benefit. However, the exact mechanisms are still not exclusively elucidated. The molecular mechanisms which characterize the role of novel DENV-encoded small RNAs and other viral proteins in host miRNA modulation and evasion of RNA interference are still elusive. Furthermore, the possibility of small activating RNAs-(RNAa)-mediated activation in mosquitoes in conjunction with dengue virus genes is not fully explored. This book chapter pragmatically overviews intricate interplay between virus-host interactions, how virus invades host antivirus defense mechanisms, and possibly the potential emerging therapeutic role of RNA activation (RNAa) and RNAi for the infections, which can be cured by specific gene activation and

**Keywords:** dengue fever, dengue fever virus, *Aedes aegypti*, RNA interference,

Dengue virus (DENV) is a major arbovirus that uses *Aedes aegypti* mosquitoes as an intermediate host to be transmitted to human and is the causative agent of most serious mosquito-borne viral disease (i.e., dengue fever) afflicting around more than 390 million people worldwide [1]. Despite substantial efforts to control dengue virus vector, it is still emerging rapidly [2]. Therapeutic

microRNAs, RNA association, host-virus interaction, DENV therapy

**Pathways in Dengue Fever Virus-Host Interaction**

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80334

gene silencing, respectively.

**1. Introduction**

Imran Shahid

**Abstract**

Imran Shahid


## **RNA Association, RNA Interference, and microRNA Pathways in Dengue Fever Virus-Host Interaction RNA Association, RNA Interference, and microRNA Pathways in Dengue Fever Virus-Host Interaction**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80334

Imran Shahid Imran Shahid

[28] Prayitno A, Taurel A-F, Nealon J, Satari HI, Karyanti MR, Sekartini R, et al. Dengue seroprevalence and force of primary infection in a representative population of urban dwelling Indonesian children. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017;**11**(6):e0005621.

[29] Kusriastuti R. Data Kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue di Indonesia 2008 dan 2009. Jakarta:

[30] Haryanto B. Health adaptation scenario and dengue fever vulnerability in Indonesia. In: Akhtar R, editor. Climate Change and Human Health Scenario in South and Southeast

[31] Itrat A, Khan A, Javaid S, Kamal M, Khan H, et al. Knowledge, awareness and practices regarding dengue fever among the adult population of dengue hit cosmopolitan. PLoS

[32] Malhotra G, Yadav A, Dudeja P. Knowledge, awareness and practices of dengue in a city. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2014;**3**(3):295-299 [33] Simanjuntak R, Farchanny. 1 House 1 Jumantik: Movement a Call for Action. E-Health

[34] Wahyono TYM, Nealon J, Beucher S, Prayitno A, Meureau A, Nawawi S, et al. Indonesian dengue burden estimates: Review of evidence by an expert panel. Epidemiology and Infection. 2017;**145**:2324-2329. United Kingdom: © Cambridge University Press. DOI:

[35] Saputra M, Oktaviannoor H. One health approach to dengue haemorrhagic fever control in Indonesia: A systematic review. In: The 1st International Conference on Global

Health, KnE Life Sciences. 2017. pp. 201-221. DOI: 10.18502/kls.v4i1.1382

Asia. Switzerland: Springer; 2016. pp. 221-236. ISSN 1879-7180

One. 2008;**3**(7):e2620. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002620

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005621

92 Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine

Ditjen PP & PL Depkes RI; 2010

Bulletin. Issue No. 11, Jan-June 2017

10.1017/S0950268817001030

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80334

#### **Abstract**

Dengue fever is a fatal vector transmitted disease and is one of the most significant health problems which have magnified its impact globally by afflicting 390 million people across 110 countries. The causative agent of this life-threatening disease is a positive single-stranded RNA arbovirus known as dengue virus (DENV), which uses *Aedes aegypti* mosquito as an intermediate host. It has been well demonstrated that virus evades mosquito's RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated antiviral defense and manipulates host microRNA (miRNA) profile to its own benefit. However, the exact mechanisms are still not exclusively elucidated. The molecular mechanisms which characterize the role of novel DENV-encoded small RNAs and other viral proteins in host miRNA modulation and evasion of RNA interference are still elusive. Furthermore, the possibility of small activating RNAs-(RNAa)-mediated activation in mosquitoes in conjunction with dengue virus genes is not fully explored. This book chapter pragmatically overviews intricate interplay between virus-host interactions, how virus invades host antivirus defense mechanisms, and possibly the potential emerging therapeutic role of RNA activation (RNAa) and RNAi for the infections, which can be cured by specific gene activation and gene silencing, respectively.

**Keywords:** dengue fever, dengue fever virus, *Aedes aegypti*, RNA interference, microRNAs, RNA association, host-virus interaction, DENV therapy
