**4.2. Flavonoids in pigmented corn silk**

Flavonoids are the main bioactive compounds in pigmented corn silk [35] as shown in **Table 9**. Some authors reports until 3644.9 mg/100 g in Serbian purple corn and Mexican pigmented corn reports 797.1 a 2602.4 mg/100 g [61]. Among the flavonoids identified and quantified in pigmented corn silk is the maysin with 12.6–17.1 mg/100 g [35], quercetin (1.58 mg/100 g) and narigenin glucoside (6.45 mg/100) [21].

## **4.3. Flavonoids in pigmented corn pollen**

Other organ of pigmented corn (blue, red and red dark) which represent higher concentration of total flavonoids is pollen (916.36–1087.69 mg/100 g) **Table 9**. The flavonoids identified are (**Table 8**) hyperoside, rutin and quercetin [60].

**Figure 6.** Flavonoids structures in pigmented corn.


**4.4. Extraction methods and characterization of flavonoids in pigmented corn**

aqueous solution for analysis [21, 35, 53, 60].

HPLC and HPLC-MS [21, 53].

**Table 9.** Biological activity of maizes flavonoids.

Flavonoid extraction methods in pigmented corn are made using simple extraction using organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and water in different proportions), centrifuge and using

**Parts of the corn Pigmented corn phenotype Total flavonoid concentration (mg/100 g) Ref.** Silk Serbian purple corn 3644.9 [35]

Pollen Red corn 1087.69 [60]

Kernel Peruvian purple corn 261–266 [53]

Corn Peruvian purple corn 187 [14] Pericarp Peruvian purple corn 4200 [14]

Mexican red corn 2602.4 [61]

Bioactive Compounds in Pigmented Maize http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78340 85

Red 26.76 [62]

Serbian pink corn 3594.2

Mexican dark red corn 797.1 Mexican white-purple corn 809.5

Blue corn 916.36 Dark-red corn 1056.21

Dark red 27.05 Red-yellow 26.84 Light blue 33.75 Dark blue 30.74 Multicolor 19.90

**Table 8.** Total flavonoid concentration in different parts of pigmented corn.

Characterization and quantification of each one is made by chromatography techniques as

Adiposites lipolysis

Antioxidant activity [56]

**Flavonoids Biological activity Ref.** Quercetine Apoptosis induction [18]

Naringenin glucoside Antioxidant activity [50] Maysin Neuroprotector [31] Rutin Antioxidant activity [56] Hyperoside Antioxidant activity [56] Kaempferol Antioxidant activity [50] Morin Antioxidant activity [50]

**Table 7.** Flavonoid concentration in different parts of pigmented corn.


**Table 8.** Total flavonoid concentration in different parts of pigmented corn.

**Flavonoid Part of corn Pigmented corn phenotype Total flavonoid** 

**Figure 6.** Flavonoids structures in pigmented corn.

84 Corn - Production and Human Health in Changing Climate

Quercetin Silk Thai purple corn silk 20.26 [21]

Naringenin glucoside Silk Thai purple corn silk 6.45 [21]

Maysin Silk Serbian purple corn 17.1 [35]

Rutin Pollen Red corn 0.186 [60]

Hyperoside Pollen Red corn 0.897 [60]

Kaempferol Kernel Peruvian purple corn 224.0 [53] Morin Kernel Peruvian purple corn 202.0 [53]

**Table 7.** Flavonoid concentration in different parts of pigmented corn.

Pollen Red corn 0.111 [60] Blue corn 0.569 Dark red corn 0.145 Kernel Peruvian purple corn 1.58 [53]

Kernel Peruvian purple corn 14.8 [53]

Serbien pink corn 12.6

Blue corn 0.013 Dark red corn 0.010 Kernel Peruvian purple corn 2.74 [53]

> Blue corn 0.655 Dark red corn 0.537

**content (mg/100 g)**

**Ref.**

## **4.4. Extraction methods and characterization of flavonoids in pigmented corn**

Flavonoid extraction methods in pigmented corn are made using simple extraction using organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and water in different proportions), centrifuge and using aqueous solution for analysis [21, 35, 53, 60].

Characterization and quantification of each one is made by chromatography techniques as HPLC and HPLC-MS [21, 53].


**Table 9.** Biological activity of maizes flavonoids.
