**1. Introduction**

The family represents the first core of social life, which can be reflected by the architectural program throughout a house. The house was developed in time and place and was therefore socially and economically developed with the housing program. Current technology helps the housing program to get a different level of significant ways of manufacturing and designing structures. The house has followed a man through history. It is one of the man's oldest and most long-lived cultural objects. They have been protected against the environment, and there are rooms for business and social life, capital investment, and symbolism. Home and house are concepts that are closely linked, where shape, function, and technology are so intertwined and meaningful that they do not quickly change themselves. Each discussion of health and the environment must be seen in this broader context, not as isolated technical or medical issues. This complexity is not only a difficulty but also an asset. Housing is the umbrella term for different types of accommodation in which one has temporary or permanent shelter to live, sleep, work, or relax. All kinds of homes, company buildings, schools, museums, and offices are covered below [1]. Also, it concerns the provision of such forms of accommodation by, for example, municipal and national authorities. The concept of the housing provides a host of basic human needs, particularly shelter, personal property, safety, and privacy. Permanent housing ("residence") is also a prerequisite for full engagement of a person in society, so the state differently supports it. The housing industry deals with construction and architecture, urbanism, and housing sociology. In other arguments, the housing includes the entirety of institutions, activities, and arrangements for providing the population with housing. These include the housing stocks, the housing industry, state and municipal housing policies and households as consumers or consumers itself. It is one of the basic requirements of human communities, where every society has to create their arrangements to provide space and facilities for the lives of its members [2].

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A general definition of housing refers to physical and spiritual aspects related to real geography, and then it is necessary to consider terms such as territory, land, location, place, built space, area, material elements, etc. But there is also a definition of urban space, based on social aspects of urban space, which refers to the meanings/meaning/meanings/joints that various housing spaces have in the social life, for different people and different interaction situations. This definition aims to understand housing as a "social construct" that is a thing that does not mean anything in itself, but it only has meaning to the extent that people use it, knows it, gives it a name, wants it, negotiates it, etc. Many of the famous examples of European housing elements reflect the way of life of a wealthy social house. The rise in industrial proletariat has increased the density of industrial cities in the first half of the nineteenth century, and with it, there has been an acute need for housing, and the workers' jobs were minimal, crammed on very small land, and were either overlapped or staggered along the streets forming urban corridors [3]. The first collective worker's home was built in 1513 by Fugger banker for workers as apartments having two rooms each, and by joining and overlapping others resulting in a long building comprising 53 apartments. The collective workers' home was resumed in the nineteenth century in the cities affected by malaria. There were also homes in suburbs and factories. Generally, courtyard apartments offer only the minimal shelter. With simplicity and meager effort made by architects to solve the plastic appearance, the exterior architecture they offered was easy to recognize. After the realization of the workhouse, the problem of conceiving mass dwellings as a social order was also raised. In this sense, some of the great architects of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries included them in their creative preoccupations. Brothers August and Gustave Perret built, in 1902, the first report house in the world and reinforced concrete, in Paris. The apartments were overlapped, and the building has a shallow land. This time, however, the rooms did not even have minimal surfaces, but by the way the entire building was designed, a new way of urban dwelling has gained an unprecedented development especially after the Second World War. The one who brought substantial innovations to the housing sector was Le Corbusier. Although he proposed several buildings for collective housing, only in 1950, a housing unit was built in Marseilles that includes living spaces and equipment of first necessity: commerce, schools, etc. Walter Gropius and Bauhaus specialists from 1922 used conventional apartment designs to make massive dwelling buildings in the form of parallelepiped bulkheads, generally located in the suburbs of major cities such as Frankfurt, Berlin, etc. The tradition of autochthon dwelling offers many spatial solutions and ways of using the dwellings according to the local conditions. The partitioning of the rooms is subordinated to the natural heating source [3]. The rooms with living rooms had to be developed to SE, thus creating forms in the plan. The area of a space is considered by most of the most essentials. This is also reflected by the number of rooms, the activities that facilitate the correlation of the size of the dwelling with that of the family, being the expression between the total surface and that of a room. The height of the rooms was reduced, compared to 3.5 m height rooms in the nineteenth century. Some publications were sponsored by various international organizations such as UN, UNECE, UNHCR, UN-HABITAT, Council of Europe, to be defined. Nonetheless housing represents a complex of human phenomenon, but it is not limited to the simple possession of a dwelling (whether appropriate or not), it includes many other rights, such as the right to nondiscrimination (the homeless suffering severe discrimination and marginalization) and, consequently, the right to equal treatment, as

well as the right to self-determination and self-realization [4]. Those excluded from adequate housing have in fact the same basic housing requirements as any other individual: not only in the sense of shelter but also in the sense of access to basic utilities and services—water, hygienic conditions, etc.—security, security against forced eviction, neighborhood security to ensure at least a minimum of security and dignity as the foundation, and prerequisites of normal social integration and participation. To opt for a narrow view of perceiving these needs only in terms of physical needs would lead to an underestimation of the symbolic importance of dwelling/living in the everyday life of individuals—life in the community and in society—and would lead to the undermining of the fundamental notion of human dignity, which embraces the whole human rights philosophy, whose role is precisely to ensure the

Introductory Chapter: Housing Policy Matters http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81622 5

The central control turns out to be a concern of municipalities. A municipality or group of municipalities can introduce an urban social life and housing ordinance and, among other things, a designated living space that cannot be taken into use or given for occupation if no housing permit (residence permit) has been granted before putting into use. Thus, the city becomes at the moment not just buildings, roads, parks, fences, abandoned corners, water pipes, cable networks, but it grew as an especial interaction among citizens, contacts, social relationships, direct, and indirect communication interaction. All these factors represent the life of a contemporary city, which is offered by the complexity of urban social life and gives the real growth in cities. Consequently, the city is a complex system of the multisocial group, involving in a series of social institutions and a typical configuration of social relationships [6]. Residences make the city alive, and then the social relationships develop the city functions to be the title of modern housing studies. They began to improve dually during the nineteenth

century. The nineteenth-century cities experienced specific problems:

• increasing tensions over inequalities socially visible.

communities with their territory), the city social life

• intensive rural-urban migration and immigration from poorer countries,

• infrastructure precarious (roads, potable water supply, sewerage networks, etc.),

At the same time, radical changes were taking place in critical areas such as the organization of work, an organization of capital flows, an organization of social classes, and an organization of families. The need to understand these changes and to solve their associated problems has stimulated the opening of new areas of thought, debate, action, and study. The challenge was accepted by thinkers and practitioners who, through their achievements, have become

• Urban sociology (a subject that studies social activities and social interactions in urban areas) • Social/cultural urban anthropology (a discipline that studies the diversity of city lifestyles) • Human geography (a subject that explores the relationships between people and human

necessary preconditions for its observance [5].

• increase in housing density,

the founders of disciplines such as:

well as the right to self-determination and self-realization [4]. Those excluded from adequate housing have in fact the same basic housing requirements as any other individual: not only in the sense of shelter but also in the sense of access to basic utilities and services—water, hygienic conditions, etc.—security, security against forced eviction, neighborhood security to ensure at least a minimum of security and dignity as the foundation, and prerequisites of normal social integration and participation. To opt for a narrow view of perceiving these needs only in terms of physical needs would lead to an underestimation of the symbolic importance of dwelling/living in the everyday life of individuals—life in the community and in society—and would lead to the undermining of the fundamental notion of human dignity, which embraces the whole human rights philosophy, whose role is precisely to ensure the necessary preconditions for its observance [5].

The central control turns out to be a concern of municipalities. A municipality or group of municipalities can introduce an urban social life and housing ordinance and, among other things, a designated living space that cannot be taken into use or given for occupation if no housing permit (residence permit) has been granted before putting into use. Thus, the city becomes at the moment not just buildings, roads, parks, fences, abandoned corners, water pipes, cable networks, but it grew as an especial interaction among citizens, contacts, social relationships, direct, and indirect communication interaction. All these factors represent the life of a contemporary city, which is offered by the complexity of urban social life and gives the real growth in cities. Consequently, the city is a complex system of the multisocial group, involving in a series of social institutions and a typical configuration of social relationships [6]. Residences make the city alive, and then the social relationships develop the city functions to be the title of modern housing studies. They began to improve dually during the nineteenth century. The nineteenth-century cities experienced specific problems:

• increase in housing density,

A general definition of housing refers to physical and spiritual aspects related to real geography, and then it is necessary to consider terms such as territory, land, location, place, built space, area, material elements, etc. But there is also a definition of urban space, based on social aspects of urban space, which refers to the meanings/meaning/meanings/joints that various housing spaces have in the social life, for different people and different interaction situations. This definition aims to understand housing as a "social construct" that is a thing that does not mean anything in itself, but it only has meaning to the extent that people use it, knows it, gives it a name, wants it, negotiates it, etc. Many of the famous examples of European housing elements reflect the way of life of a wealthy social house. The rise in industrial proletariat has increased the density of industrial cities in the first half of the nineteenth century, and with it, there has been an acute need for housing, and the workers' jobs were minimal, crammed on very small land, and were either overlapped or staggered along the streets forming urban corridors [3]. The first collective worker's home was built in 1513 by Fugger banker for workers as apartments having two rooms each, and by joining and overlapping others resulting in a long building comprising 53 apartments. The collective workers' home was resumed in the nineteenth century in the cities affected by malaria. There were also homes in suburbs and factories. Generally, courtyard apartments offer only the minimal shelter. With simplicity and meager effort made by architects to solve the plastic appearance, the exterior architecture they offered was easy to recognize. After the realization of the workhouse, the problem of conceiving mass dwellings as a social order was also raised. In this sense, some of the great architects of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries included them in their creative preoccupations. Brothers August and Gustave Perret built, in 1902, the first report house in the world and reinforced concrete, in Paris. The apartments were overlapped, and the building has a shallow land. This time, however, the rooms did not even have minimal surfaces, but by the way the entire building was designed, a new way of urban dwelling has gained an unprecedented development especially after the Second World War. The one who brought substantial innovations to the housing sector was Le Corbusier. Although he proposed several buildings for collective housing, only in 1950, a housing unit was built in Marseilles that includes living spaces and equipment of first necessity: commerce, schools, etc. Walter Gropius and Bauhaus specialists from 1922 used conventional apartment designs to make massive dwelling buildings in the form of parallelepiped bulkheads, generally located in the suburbs of major cities such as Frankfurt, Berlin, etc. The tradition of autochthon dwelling offers many spatial solutions and ways of using the dwellings according to the local conditions. The partitioning of the rooms is subordinated to the natural heating source [3]. The rooms with living rooms had to be developed to SE, thus creating forms in the plan. The area of a space is considered by most of the most essentials. This is also reflected by the number of rooms, the activities that facilitate the correlation of the size of the dwelling with that of the family, being the expression between the total surface and that of a room. The height of the rooms was reduced, compared to 3.5 m height rooms in the nineteenth century. Some publications were sponsored by various international organizations such as UN, UNECE, UNHCR, UN-HABITAT, Council of Europe, to be defined. Nonetheless housing represents a complex of human phenomenon, but it is not limited to the simple possession of a dwelling (whether appropriate or not), it includes many other rights, such as the right to nondiscrimination (the homeless suffering severe discrimination and marginalization) and, consequently, the right to equal treatment, as

4 Housing


At the same time, radical changes were taking place in critical areas such as the organization of work, an organization of capital flows, an organization of social classes, and an organization of families. The need to understand these changes and to solve their associated problems has stimulated the opening of new areas of thought, debate, action, and study. The challenge was accepted by thinkers and practitioners who, through their achievements, have become the founders of disciplines such as:


• Environmental psychology (a discipline that studies the relationships between humans and human communities with the objects, spaces, buildings, natural elements, and phenomena that surround them)

home can be reported by a yard, which is determined and equipped directly according to the nature of the work, where the senior house generally benefits from a garden that could favor receptions for social contacts. The residential area from a vast expanse of Sumerian and Egyptian metropoles includes a wide variety of houses without windows to the narrow, sometimes strawedged streets of the Sumerian and Egyptian metropolis, which are the source of the large and luxurious dwellings of ancient and Hellenistic Greece and are then taken over in the classicism of the Roman world. The housing process tends to become the custom of a serial of industrial production that rapidly acquires for new developments in building techniques, especially in installations; thus, the concern for rigorous and "conforming" dimensions (Le Corbusier: "habitation de grandeur conformed") of the spaces and the dwellings as a whole [9]. The social conditions of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have, as is well known, determined the growth of the housing process by mass dwellings. Their morphology has evolved to the present,

Introductory Chapter: Housing Policy Matters http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81622 7

with the tendency for minimal spaces to be diversified by functionality and form.

The human communities in the city take the form of their neighborhoods. The neighborhood is a fundamental element of urban life, because cities grow by addition, not by houses, but by human communities. To understand how these communities are aggregated, we need to understand their relationship with the territory, the critical role of living in a common space, and the ties that are established with it. People act within specific frameworks created on the basis of their lifestyle choices and resources; in this context, they choose the type of housing community to which they belong, appropriate to them: in the urban or rural area, at the house or in the block, and in the center or on the outskirts of the locality. Human settlement perceives itself as a new type of business that reflects a future-oriented component, and a system based on the construction sector, and as something new can be further promoted through its actions. There are three modes with three relationships that can help to understand the con-

**I.** Requirement state (B). Here, society has formulated a social command, after an in-depth

**II.** Constructive form (K). A real architectural element, compared with the current stage of

Therefore, one can follow the relationship between people (individual/group) and the architectural element or surrounding objects. The cooperation between the three settlement phe-

• F3—between A and B, transfers the processes from S1 (current situation) to S2 (future

**3. Human settlements and house evolution process**

nection between the future and the past (history) [10]:

technology and esthetic understanding.

nomena can follow three processes:

position).

analysis of the possibility and requires a specific active form.

• F1—between B and K, the activity of design and execution.

• F2—between K and A, the activity of division, use, and marketing.

**III.** Application process (A). Here, you will find the architecture element in.

• Ecology (a discipline that studies the relationship between all living organisms and their living environment) [7].

All these disciplines are interconnected and have a common purpose: to provide a better understanding of everything about housing concept and urban life. The innovative studies of housing phenomenon, sociology, anthropology, environmental psychology, and human geography build a close life of the city's inhabitants and uncover unpredictable aspects, and it provides unexpected explanations of things that seem banal. These studies can be centered on less visible social groups, survival strategies, cooperation and support activities of social networks, where existing housing mechanisms generate some social problems, etc. Therefore, housing phenomenon and urban studies are not only used to make an academic environment but also to provide the community with a relevant data and materials that help us in taking a fit urban decision and give the city an effective housing strategies and us multiorienteered with a better understand one another and improve our everyday life. Researchers in housing and social life in a city have carefully analyzed the impact of contemporary political and economic systems on people's lives in the urban environment. They focused on the problematic aspects and its effects on people living in the city and benefited us with the solutions. One of the main study subjects, which require an in-depth analysis, is the studies of anthropology. The investigation takes in daily evidence interactions between residence's everyday experiences in a city, negotiations between groups and different houses—in short, the microsocial reality, where anthropology investigation provides the community, a depth analyzes of various groups, communities, economic classes, neighborhoods, human clusters, social networks to facilitate communication, and understanding between them, besides housing phenomenon. The anthropological perspective also offers a critique (often constructive) of culture and the social world, where the anthropological perspective must be at the heart of any project of social, economic, and cultural development. Many cultural descriptions, social projects, or programs to improve life and humanity have failed in history, precisely because they lacked an anthropological perspective.
