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## Meet the editors

Prof. M. Maaza holds a PhD in Quantum Neutron Optics from the University of Pierre-Marie Curie and the Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique, respectively. He is currently a permanent joint staff member of the National Research Foundation of South Africa, in charge of the Africa-International relations desk at iThemba LABS and the University of South Africa. Prof. Maaza is the chair of reputable international organizations and commis-

sions. His expertise is in the multidisciplinary field of nanosciences, photonics, and solar energy. Within the STI and RDI landscapes, with a Hirsch index of 33, Prof. Maaza has published more than 300 ISI international publications and supervised several postgraduates from all over Africa and the south.

Mahmoud Izerrouken joined the Nuclear Research Centre of Draria in 1996 and currently holds the position of Head of the Nuclear Techniques Department, Nuclear Research Center of Draria, Algiers, Algeria. He has coauthored over 30 publications in SCI journals and supervised several Master's and PhD students. His research interests are focused on ion- and neutron-induced damage in materials. He obtained his PhD at Ferhat Abbas

University, Faculty of Sciences, Setif, Algeria.

**Preface III**

Introductory Chapter **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

High Energy Particle Physics **11**

**Chapter 2 13** Analysis of Ultra-High Energy Muons at INO-ICAL Using Pair Meter Technique

**Chapter 3 23**

**Chapter 4 33**

Electron Positron Plasma **57**

**Chapter 5 59**

Application of Charge Particles **77**

**Chapter 6 79**

*by Suni Lee, Yasumitsu Nishimura, Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Hidenori Matsuzaki,* 

Electrostatic Waves in Magnetized Electron-Positron Plasmas

Biological Effects of Negatively Charged Particle-Dominant Indoor

*Megumi Maeda, Nagisa Sada, Kei Yoshitome and Takemi Otsuki*

**Section 1**

Contents

**Section 2**

*by Thomas Taylor*

*by Takaaki Nomura*

*by Ian Joseph Lazarus*

**Section 3**

**Section 4**

Air Conditions

Introductory Chapter: Charged Particles *by Mahmoud Izerrouken and Ishaq Ahmad*

*by Jaydip Singh, Srishti Nagu and Jyotsna Singh*

From the Eloisatron to the Pevatron

Flavor Physics and Charged Particle

## Contents


Preface

Particle physicists believe that the creation of the universe and matter was started as a result of a very big explosion known as the big bang. At this time, matter and antimatter were created in equal amounts. Just after the big bang at *t* ~ 10–35 s came the era of grand-unification transition, i.e. inflation, baryogenesis, monopoles, cosmic strings, etc. Sometime later, electro-weak phase transition occurred, i.e. electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces became differentiated. At *t* ~ 10–6 protons and neutrons formed. Then nucleo-synthesis occurred, i.e. light elements were created, e.g. D, He, Li, etc. With the creation of light elements the amount of positive and negative charges was balanced inside an atom. There are electrons carrying a negative charge and protons carrying a positive charge inside atoms. This book briefly looks at high-energy charged particle physics and gives a flavor of the

The first part of the book covers the cutting-edge and important research topic of flavor physics to search for new areas of physics via charged particles that appear in different extensions of the standard model. The latest research on the analysis of ultra-high energy muons using the pair-meter technique is also presented in a Geant4 simulation study for iron plates. In this study, the feasibility of detecting high-energy muons (1–1000 TeV) in the underground iron calorimeter detector is demonstrated. The idea of the Eloisatron to Pevatron is also included in this

The second part of this book covers the important research field of electrostatic waves in magnetized electron/positron plasmas where the behavior of the arbitrary amplitude of electrostatic waves propagation in an electron/positron plasma is discussed in detail. Well-known fluid and kinetic approaches have been used to describe linear waves, whereas nonlinear analysis of electrostatic waves is done via

The final part of the book addresses the most important applications of charged bodies. Apart from high-energy particle physics, the application of charged bodies is also included in this book, such as immune effects of negatively charged particles

The authors gratefully acknowledge all those who contributed to this book : Prof. Dr. Ishaq Ahmad, Prof. Dr. Jaydip Singh, Prof. Dr. Srishti Nagu, Prof. Dr. Jyotsna Singh, Prof. Dr. Thomas Taylor, Prof. Dr. Takaaki Nomura, Prof. Dr. Ian Joseph Lazarus, Prof.

Dr. Suni Lee, Prof. Dr. Yasumitsu Nishimura, Prof. Dr. Naoko Kumagai-Takei,

dominating indoor air conditions and many others.

application of charged particles.

book.

fluid modeling.
