Preface

Particle physicists believe that the creation of the universe and matter was started as a result of a very big explosion known as the big bang. At this time, matter and antimatter were created in equal amounts. Just after the big bang at *t* ~ 10–35 s came the era of grand-unification transition, i.e. inflation, baryogenesis, monopoles, cosmic strings, etc. Sometime later, electro-weak phase transition occurred, i.e. electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces became differentiated. At *t* ~ 10–6 protons and neutrons formed. Then nucleo-synthesis occurred, i.e. light elements were created, e.g. D, He, Li, etc. With the creation of light elements the amount of positive and negative charges was balanced inside an atom. There are electrons carrying a negative charge and protons carrying a positive charge inside atoms. This book briefly looks at high-energy charged particle physics and gives a flavor of the application of charged particles.

The first part of the book covers the cutting-edge and important research topic of flavor physics to search for new areas of physics via charged particles that appear in different extensions of the standard model. The latest research on the analysis of ultra-high energy muons using the pair-meter technique is also presented in a Geant4 simulation study for iron plates. In this study, the feasibility of detecting high-energy muons (1–1000 TeV) in the underground iron calorimeter detector is demonstrated. The idea of the Eloisatron to Pevatron is also included in this book.

The second part of this book covers the important research field of electrostatic waves in magnetized electron/positron plasmas where the behavior of the arbitrary amplitude of electrostatic waves propagation in an electron/positron plasma is discussed in detail. Well-known fluid and kinetic approaches have been used to describe linear waves, whereas nonlinear analysis of electrostatic waves is done via fluid modeling.

The final part of the book addresses the most important applications of charged bodies. Apart from high-energy particle physics, the application of charged bodies is also included in this book, such as immune effects of negatively charged particles dominating indoor air conditions and many others.

The authors gratefully acknowledge all those who contributed to this book : Prof. Dr. Ishaq Ahmad, Prof. Dr. Jaydip Singh, Prof. Dr. Srishti Nagu, Prof. Dr. Jyotsna Singh, Prof. Dr. Thomas Taylor, Prof. Dr. Takaaki Nomura, Prof. Dr. Ian Joseph Lazarus, Prof. Dr. Suni Lee, Prof. Dr. Yasumitsu Nishimura, Prof. Dr. Naoko Kumagai-Takei,

Prof. Dr. Hidenori Matsuzaki, Prof. Dr. Megumi Maeda, Prof. Dr. Nagisa Sada, Prof. Dr. Kei Yoshitome, Prof. Dr. Takemi Otsuki, and Ms. Marijana Francetic, Author Service Manager.

#### **Prof. Dr. Maaza Malek**

Section 1

Introductory Chapter

1

iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, University of South Africa

#### **Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Izerrouken**

Nuclear Research Center Draria, Algiers, Algeria

Section 1
